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Biomedical subjects

L Arnold

Publications and source records attributed to L Arnold.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Cross-disciplinary perspectives on a liberal education for physicians.

From an interdisciplinary perspective, this paper has explored the role of the humanities, social sciences, and natural and physical sciences in the preparation of physicians. To become an effective practitioner, a student must acquire both conceptual (theoretical) and sensuous (experiential) knowledge. The humanities provide the student with a uniquely rich opportunity to gain sensuous knowledge. The social sciences assist the medical student to gain conceptual and experiential knowledge, especially in the realm of understanding the self and in identifying similarities and differences between individuals, groups, and entire communities. The natural and physical sciences assist the student of the medical sciences in developing the conceptual knowledge needed to understand how the human body works and what causes disease. Beyond that, however, the sciences can help a medical student to develop reasoning power, sharpen problem-solving abilities, and realize how scientific knowledge influences his/her own personal world view. Finally, the sciences provide the conceptual and methodological tools that enable a medical student to serve others.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1982

The dependence on heart rate of the human ventricular action potential duration.

For the human electrocardiogram, the relationship between QT interval and heart rate was examined in conditions where the heart rate was changed at different rates. The QT interval provides a measure of the ventricular action potential duration. For slow changes of heart rate, elicited by mild exercise, the dependence of QT interval on heart rate obtained when the heart rate was rising was the same as that obtained when the heart rate was falling. The QT interval was approximately proportional to 1/(heart rate)1/2. For the rapid transient changes of heart rate associated with respiration, the QT interval was approximately constant, independent of the instantaneous heart rate. For rapid sustained changes of heart rate, elicited by heavy exercise or immersion of the face in cold water, the changes in QT interval lagged behind the heart rate changes. Consequently the dependence of QT interval on heart rate obtained when the heart rate was increasing differed from the dependence obtained during a fall in heart rate. This time dependence of the relationship between QT interval and heart rate is similar to that seen for the relationship between action potential duration and stimulation rate in isolated pieces of mammalian ventricle.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

Personal characteristics and achievements of medical students from urban and nonurban areas.

To meet the physician shortage in rural America, medical schools have attempted to enroll more students from farms and small towns. How successful these schools have been in selecting rural students who perform satisfactorily as undergraduates has rarely been documented. Accordingly, this research compares the performance and the predictors of performance of urban and nonurban students in a B.A.-M.D. program. Upon admission, students from nonurban areas have personal attributes and achievement levels similar to those of urban students. At the end of the second year of the program (the curriculum period marked by the highest attrition rate), the performance of nonurban and urban students is also indistinguishable. However, the student characteristics which are most predictive of that subsequent performance in the program depend upon the rural/urban origins of the students.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

Efficacy of cognitive/noncognitive measures in predicting resident-physician performance.

There has been relatively little research on the relationship between the clinical performance of physicians and the criteria used by medical school admissions and promotions committees. The studies which have been done primarily relate clinical performance to cognitive criteria. They have usually found only negligible relationships. By considering both cognitive and noncognitive variables, several investigators recently have improved the prediction of clinical performance in medical school. The present authors attempt to determine the increase in predictive efficiency attained by adding noncognitive variables to cognitive variables in predicting clinical performance of residents. The results of this investigation indicate that a combination of cognitive and noncognitive predictor variables functions much better than any individual variable or even any specific class of variables in predicting the postgraduate clinical performance of physicians.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1979

The man who became angry once: a study of overcontrolled hostility.

Recent developments in the study of violent behaviour have led social scientists to examine the concept of Overcontrolled Hostility. This case report describes the history of an overcontrolled individual who was examined in a Maximum Security Hospital after having shot his wife. The presentation of this case includes a brief theoretical perspective, as well as the results of psychiatric and psychological examinations.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Medical school graduates' retrospective evaluation of a clinical medical librarian program.

This paper reports on the results of a survey of sixty-six graduates of the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Medicine conducted in the spring of 1977. The graduates were questioned about their present library use behavior and their restrospective perceptions of the clinical medical librarian (CML) services which they received as medical students at UMKC. The results show that these young physicians, after regular association with other, more tradional medical library services, hold very positive impressions of the CML program. The graduates also typically credit the CML'S with helping them to learn to use library resources effectively. These retrospective perceptions of the CML match the short-term benefits reported in other studies of similar programs.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1977

Analgesic abuse, renal papillary necrosis and concomitant drug intake.

In a retrospective survey of 145 patients coming to autopsy at a hospital in Sydney, 31 were found to have some form of renal papillary necrosis (RPN). Sixteen (52%) of those abused analgesic mixtures, there being a marked female preponderance (70%). A further two cases may have been linked with indomethacin and phenylbutazone. On the other hand, 15 (48%) of other analgesic abusers did not develop RPN and the differences between the two groups of abusers and a thrid group of non-abusers were studied in the hope of isolating a precipitating factor. Examination of concomitant drug intake revealed a positive correlation of RPN in abusers with the taking of diuretics and antihypertensive drugs. While these drugs may have been precribed to correct the sequelae of a silent renal lesion, an interactive component in its pathogenesis cannot be ruled out. Analgesic abuse but not RPN was linked with an increased consumption of barbiturates, psychotropic drugs, cardiac glycosides and antacids. Drug interactive effects may partly explain the sudden emergence of analgesic nephropathy 20 years ago.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1977

Mechanism for calcium urolithiasis among patients with hyperuricosuria: supersaturation of urine with respect to monosodium urate.

Since monosodium urate (NaU) may play an important etiologic role in the formation of renal stones containing Ca in patients with hyperuricosuria, the current studies were undertaken to define some of the physiocochemical factors which determine the formation of NaU. In solutions containing Na, uric acid was rapidly transformed to NaU at pH greater than 6. The results indicated that NaU, and not uric acid, was the stable phase above this pH. A reliable and simple method for the calculation of the state of saturation of urine with respect to NaU was developed from the ratio of concentration products of Na and total dissolved urate (Upi) in the ambient fluid before and after incubation of urine with synthetic NaU. The concentration product ratio closely approximated the ratio of activity products of Na+ and acid urate ion. In contrast, the relative saturation ratio, or the ratio of activity product of original sample and the thermodynamic solubility product of NaU, often differed from the activity product ratio in the individual urine samples. With the concentration product rate, it was found in 45 urine samples that a critical determinant for the supersaturated state with respect to NaU was the high concentration of UT. At UT greater than 300 mg/liter, urine samples were invariably supersaturated with respect to NaU. These results suggest that the nidus of NaU could potentially form in the urine of patients with hyperuricosuria and Ca stones.

Calcium↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the modification of renal lesions due to aspirin and oxyphenbutazone in the rat and the effects on the kidney of 2:4 dinitrophenol.

Cortical tubular necrosis induced by either aspirin (300 mg/kg) or oxyphenbutazone (444 mg/kg) was reduced if probenecid (300 mg/kg) was administered at the same time. The prior administration of aspirin (600 mg/kg) reduced the tubular necrosis that follows administration of oxyphenbutazone (444 mg/kg) alone, thus demonstrating that some degree of cross-tolerance between the two drugs occurs. Phenacetin pretreatment (597 mg/kg) was less effective, while paracetamol (503 mg/kg) was without effect in this regard. Those substances that reduced the oxyphenbutazone-induced cortical lesion also ameliorated the focal degenerative change in the lower nephron attributed to this drug. Oral administration of 2:4 dinitrophenol (20 mg/kg) led to only minor cortical tubular necrosis in a few animals.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1976

Further studies of the acute effects of phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and indomethacin on the rat kidney.

Experiments were donducted on rats to determine the lowest dose of either phenylbutazone or indomethacin capable of producing papillary necrosis and in each case it was found to be 50 mg/kg body weight. A single dose of oxyphenbutazone (444 mg/kg), a major metabolite of phenylbutazone in man, produced patchy cortical necrosis, which became more extensive during daily administration for 4 days, despite evidence of regeneration. Although papillary necrosis as such was never seen with this substance, there was evidence of damage to the lower nephron in the form of tubular necrosis and calcification.

Acute Disease↗