Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

Klaus Jung

Publications and source records attributed to Klaus Jung.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

An artificial neural network considerably improves the diagnostic power of percent free prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer diagnosis: results of a 5-year investigation.

Our study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of %fPSA alone and combined with an ANN at different PSA concentration ranges, including the low range 2-4 ng/ml, to improve the risk assessment of prostate cancer. A total of 928 men with prostate cancer and BPH without any pretreatment of the prostate in the PSA range 2-20 ng/ml were enrolled in the study between 1996 and 2001. An ANN with input data of PSA, %fPSA, patient's age, prostate volume and DRE status was developed to calculate the individual's risk before performing a prostate biopsy within the different PSA ranges 2-4, 4.1-10 and 10.1-20 ng/ml. ROC analysis and cut-off calculations were used to estimate the diagnostic improvement of %fPSA and ANN in comparison to PSA. At the 90% sensitivity level, %fPSA and ANN performed better than PSA in all ranges, enhancing the specificity by 15-28% and 32-44%, respectively. For the low PSA range 2-4 ng/mL, we recommend a first-time biopsy at an ANN specificity level of 90%. For PSA 4-10 ng/mL, we recommend a first-time biopsy based on the ANN at the 90% sensitivity level. Use of an ANN enhances the %fPSA performance to further reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies within the PSA range 2-10 ng/ml.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Down-regulation of the human kallikrein gene 5 (KLK5) in prostate cancer tissues.

BACKGROUND: Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases with diverse physiological functions. Many kallikrein genes are differentially expressed in various malignancies and prostate specific antigen (PSA; encoded by the KLK3 gene) is the best tumor marker for prostate cancer. Human glandular kallikrein (hK2; encoded by the KLK2 gene) is an emerging tumor marker for prostate cancer. KLK5 is a newly discovered human kallikrein gene which shares a high degree of homology and is located adjacent to KLK2 and KLK3 genes on chromosome 19q13.4. Like KLK2 and KLK3, the KLK5 gene is regulated by steroid hormones in the BT-474 breast cancer cell line. We have previously shown that KLK5 is differentially expressed in ovarian and breast cancer. METHODS: We compared the expression of KLK5 in 29 pairs of histologically confirmed normal and prostate cancer tissues by quantitative RT-PCR using the LightCycler technology. RESULTS: KLK5 expression was significantly lower in cancer tissues compared to their normal counterparts. Lowest levels of expression were found in T3 stage tumors compared with T1 and T2. Also, a significant negative correlation was found between Gleason score and KLK5 expression. CONCLUSIONS: KLK5 should be further studied as a potential new prognostic marker in prostate cancer, whose expression is negatively correlated with cancer aggressiveness.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human kallikrein 10 (KLK10) gene and their association with prostate, breast, testicular, and ovarian cancers.

BACKGROUND: The KLK10 gene (also known as the normal epithelial cell-specific 1 gene) is a member of the expanded human kallikrein gene family. Recently, it has been reported that KLK10 is a tumor suppressor gene and that its expression is downregulated in various forms of cancer and cancer cell lines. KLK10 is also upregulated in ovarian cancer. We thus hypothesized that the KLK10 gene may be a target for mutations in various cancers. METHODS: We sequenced the five coding exons of the KLK10 gene using genomic DNA from various tumors, normal tissues, and blood, by PCR amplification and automated sequencing. RESULTS: In none of the tumor-derived DNAs, we identified somatic mutations that could inactivate this gene. However, we identified a prevalent germline single nucleotide variation at codon 50 (exon 3) of this gene [GCC (alanine) to TCC (serine)]. The GCC genotype was less prevalent in prostatic cancer patients in comparison to control subjects (P = 0.027) but no differences were seen with testicular, ovarian, and breast cancer. We also identified four genetic variations in exon 4, at codons106 [GGC (glycine) to GGA (glycine)], codon 112 [ACG (threonine) to ACC (threonine)], codon 141 [CTA (leucine) to CTG (leucine)], and at codon 149 [CCG (proline) to CTG (leucine)]. None of these variations was significantly different between normal subjects and cancer groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence for somatic mutations of the KLK10 gene in cancers of the prostate, breast, ovary, and testis. The single nucleotide variation at codon 50 appears to be associated with prostate cancer risk.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2002

The new synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (Roche 28-2653) reduces tumor growth and prolongs survival in a prostate cancer standard rat model.

The therapeutic efficacy of synthetic inhibitors of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in various cancers has been demonstrated. A novel inhibitor, Ro 28-2653, with high selectivity for MMP2, MMP9 and membrane type 1-MMP was evaluated in an orthotopic prostate cancer rat model. Efficacy was determined by recording tumor growth and survival endpoints. Prostate cancer was induced by inoculating R3327 Dunning tumor cells (MatLyLu) into the ventral lobe of the prostates of 148 Copenhagen rats. Daily oral treatment with Ro 28-2653 (10-300 mg/kg per day) was started on day 1 or on day 6 after tumor cell injection. Animals were sacrificed on day 20 for determination of tumor weights. For survival studies, rats received daily oral Ro 28-2653 (100 mg/kg per day) or vehicle for up to 30 days. Tumor induction was successful in 100% of the animals. Ro 28-2653 reproducibly reduced the tumor weights by up to 90% in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, an inhibitory effect in rats with established tumors (treatment start at day 6) was shown. A significantly prolonged survival of Ro 28-2653-treated rats was also demonstrated. Selective inhibition of MMP activity is a novel therapeutic approach, which bears promise for studies in patients with prostate cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in human primary cultured prostatic cells and malignant prostate cell lines.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), membrane type MMPs (MT-MMPs), and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in human primary cultured prostatic cells and malignant prostate cell lines. METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based measurements of the mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-7, MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in relation to the house-keeping gene glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were performed in cancerous and non-cancerous prostatic tissue samples, in primary cell cultures of epithelial cells, in both fibroblasts, and smooth-muscle cells as stromal cells, and in the human malignant prostatic cell lines DU-145, LNCaP, and PC-3. RESULTS: MMP-2 was mainly expressed in the stromal cells and MMP-7 showed their highest values in the epithelial cells. MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were found both in the stromal and in the epithelial cells, but there were some differences between the expressions in fibroblasts and smooth-muscle cells. Different expressions were also observed between the cells deriving from the primary cell cultures, the benign cell line BPH-1, and the malignant cell lines LNCaP, D-145, and PC-3. CONCLUSIONS: These exemplary results concerning different expressions of MMPs and TIMPs in cells from prostatic tissue suggest that a better insight into changes observed in prostatic tissue needs studies on cells cultured from the tissue.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2002

Effects of heavy metals on the nitrogen metabolism of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex Hedw. A 15N tracer study.

The assessment of pollution in aquatic systems necessitates an accurate indication of toxicity of heavy metals for organisms and ecosystems. We used the stable nitrogen isotope 15N to estimate the influence of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fractions in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. This method permits conclusions concerning inhibitory effects of these heavy metals on the assimilation of nitrogen and the biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins. The moss was exposed to metal concentrations of 25-500 microM over a period of 5-10 days. 15N abundance of exposed plants was compared with that of control plants. Similar to a loss of vitality determined using a fluorometric assay, a decrease of the 15N abundance in the N fractions of Fontinalis antipyretica was measured in dependence on the metal concentration. Nevertheless, the individual inhibition by the distinct metals was different, so that the following order of toxicity was derived: Cd >> Pb > Zn.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

Effects of trichloroacetic acid on the nitrogen metabolism of Pinus sylvestris--a 13C/15N tracer study.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) can be found in various environmental compartments like air, rain and plants all over the world. It is assumed that TCA is an atmospheric degradation product of volatile chloroorganic hydrocarbons. The herbicide effect of TCA in higher concentrations is well known, but not much is known about the phytotoxic effects in environmentally relevant concentrations. It can be shown in this study by using the 13C/15N stable isotope tracer technique that [13C]TCA is taken up by roots of two-year-old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. and transported into the needles. At the same time the effect of the substance on nitrogen metabolism can be analyzed by measuring the incorporation of 15NO3- into different nitrogen fractions of the plant. The more [13C]TCA incorporation, the higher the synthesis of 15N labelled amino acids and proteins is. These effects on the nitrogen metabolism are probably based on the activation of stress- and detoxification metabolism. It has to be assumed that there is an influence on N metabolism of Pinus sylvestris caused by the deposition of environmentally relevant TCA concentrations.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2002

Cathepsins B, H, and L activities in urine of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

OBJECTIVES: Cathepsin B, H, and L (CB, CH, CL) are lysosomal proteolytic enzymes that belong to the group of cysteine proteinases. The imbalance between proteinases and their inhibitors is believed to correlate with tumor progression and shortened patient survival. In transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) only limited data have been published. METHODS: Using spectrofluorometric assays, catalytic activities of CB, CH, and CL in urine were measured to evaluate the potential diagnostic and prognostic value for patients with TCC of the bladder. Second morning urine was collected and used for measurements. CB, CH, and CL activities were determined for groups of patients with superficial disease (Ta-1, n = 43) and muscle-invasive tumors (T2, n = 18; or greater than T2, n = 9), as well as for different tumor grades (G1, n = 12; G2, n = 26; and G3, n = 31). For comparison, 14 urine samples from patients with bladder inflammation and 43 samples from a control group were also included. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, patients with superficial Stage Ta-T1 disease and muscle-invasive Stage T2 or greater disease, as well as patients with G3 tumors, revealed significantly higher urinary CL activity. CB and CH did not show any tumor-related activity increase. CB was significantly lower in patients with nonrecurrent tumors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that elevated levels of CL in urine might be indicative of a cellular proteolytic imbalance in TCC of the bladder and may have a prognostic and/or diagnostic value.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Differential expression of Kallikrein gene 5 in cancerous and normal testicular tissues.

OBJECTIVES: Kallikrein gene 5 (KLK5; formerly designated as kallikrein-like gene 2, or human stratum corneum tryptic enzyme) is one of the new members of the human kallikrein gene family on chromosome 19q13.4. Although it is expressed at low levels in various tissues, KLK5 expression is highest in the human mammary gland and testis. Previous investigations have established that the expression of KLK5 is estrogen and progestin driven in the BT-474 breast cancer cell line. In this study, we focused on KLK5 expression in normal and cancerous testicular tissue. METHODS: Fourteen matched testicular tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples were minced on dry ice and homogenized. Total RNA was extracted and mRNA was reverse transcribed. The cDNA samples were amplified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction with KLK5-specific primers to compare the relative KLK5 levels in normal and cancerous testicular tissues. RESULTS: In 13 (93%) of the 14 patients, KLK5 expression in the cancerous area was significantly lower than in the adjacent, histologically confirmed, normal testicular tissue samples (P <0.001). The KLK5 level was 9.0 +/- 3.9 (mean +/- standard error, arbitrary units) in the noncancerous tissue and 4.5 +/- 2.9 in the cancerous tissue. We noted significantly lower KLK5 expression in seminomas than in nonseminomas (P = 0.009), as well as in late-stage (II/III) tumors versus early-stage (I) tumors (P = 0.026). KLK5 expression was also associated with the extent of primary tumor, with tumors with vascular/lymphatic invasion (T2/T3) expressing lower KLK5 message than did tumors limited to the testis and epididymis (T1) (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: We found significantly lower expression of KLK5 in testicular tumors than in normal testicular tissue. More studies are necessary to investigate the mechanism behind this finding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Different mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 in benign and malignant prostate tissue.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the behavior of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in human prostate cancer. METHODS: mRNA and protein expression patterns of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were studied in cancerous and noncancerous parts of 17 prostates removed by radical prostatectomy. Competitive RT-PCR, gelatin-substrate zymography, and ELISA techniques were used for quantification. RESULTS: On the mRNA level, MMP-2 expression was decreased and MMP-9, TIMP-1, the ratios of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to TIMP-1 were unchanged in cancerous tissue compared to the normal counterparts. On the protein level, expression of MMP-9 was significantly higher and TIMP-1 expression was significantly lower, MMP-2 was unchanged and the ratios of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to TIMP-1 were increased in tumor tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The higher concentration of MMP-9 as well as the increased ratios of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to TIMP-1 in malignant tissue prove the proteolytic dysbalance in prostate cancer, which does not seem to be associated with the stage and grade of the tumor. Comparison of mRNA and protein expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1, respectively, did not show any significant relationships illustrating the necessity to study these components at both molecular levels.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Beta-trace protein, cystatin C, beta(2)-microglobulin, and creatinine compared for detecting impaired glomerular filtration rates in children.

BACKGROUND: Because of the limitations of serum creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the novel marker beta-trace protein (BTP) in comparison with cystatin C (Cys-C), beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)-MG), and creatinine as conventional indicators of reduced GFR. METHODS: We obtained serum samples from 225 children (age range, 0.2-18 years) with various renal pathologies who were referred for nuclear medicine clearance investigations (technetium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid or chromium-EDTA). We measured Cys-C, BTP (nephelometric tests; Dade Behring), beta(2)-MG (Tinaquant; Roche), and creatinine (enzymatic assay; Creatinine-PAP; Roche). RESULTS: Seventy-five children had reduced GFR (<90 mL x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2)). One hundred fifty children (independent of gender and age) with values >90 mL x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2) comprised the control group with gaussian distributions of BTP and Cys-C concentrations. The upper reference limits (97.5 percentile) were 1.01 mg/L for BTP and 1.20 mg/L for Cys-C. The correlations of nuclear medicine clearance with the reciprocals of BTP, Cys-C, and the Schwartz GFR estimate were significantly higher (r = 0.653, 0.765, and 0.706, respectively; P <0.05) than with the reciprocal of creatinine or beta(2)-MG (r = 0.500 and 0.557, respectively). ROC analysis showed a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy of BTP, Cys-C, and the GFR estimate for the detection of impaired GFR than serum creatinine (P <0.05). Compared to creatinine, BTP increased the diagnostic sensitivity by approximately 30%, but it was not more sensitive than Cys-C or the Schwartz GFR estimate. CONCLUSIONS: BTP is superior to serum creatinine and an alternative for Cys-C to detect mildly reduced GFR in children, but it is not better than the Schwartz GFR estimate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Detection of human kallikrein 4 in healthy and cancerous prostatic tissues by immunofluorometry and immunohistochemistry.

BACKGROUND: Human kallikrein 4 (gene, KLK4; protein, hK4), a recently discovered member of the kallikrein gene family, shares many characteristics with prostate-specific antigen, the best available marker for prostate cancer. Because the protein has not been detected in any human tissue, we attempted to develop immunologic methods for hK4 analysis and use them to detect hK4 in healthy and cancerous tissue extracts and biological fluids. METHODS: We extracted total RNA from 20 pairs of matched (healthy-cancer) prostate tissue samples. KLK4 cDNA was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and cloned in a pPICZalphaA expression vector. We then transformed the construct product into Pichia pastoris yeast strains and induced secreted recombinant protein production by addition of methanol. We purified the recombinant protein by nickel ion-affinity chromatography and used it as an immunogen in rabbits and mice to generate polyclonal anti-hK4 antibodies. These antibodies were used to develop a sandwich-type immunoassay suitable for hK4 quantification in biological fluids and tissue extracts. RESULTS: The immunoassay had a detection limit of 0.1 microg/L. We detected hK4 in 10 of 21 matched (healthy-cancer) prostate tissues, and hK4 was frequently higher in healthy tissues. In one matched-sample pair, the hK4 content was relatively high in both the healthy [4.62 microg/g of total protein (TP)] and the cancerous (1.22 microg/g of TP) prostate tissue. Among tissue extracts, we found the highest concentrations of hK4 in healthy (0.0-4.62 microg/g of TP) and cancerous (0.0-1.72 microg/g of TP) prostatic extracts and in placental extracts (0.0-0.05 microg/g of TP). We also detected traces of hK4 protein immunoreactivity in amniotic fluid (<0.1-0.6 microg/L), human breast milk (<0.1-0.75 microg/L), and seminal plasma (0.2-0.9 microg/L). Immunohistochemical studies showed cytoplasmic staining for hK4 protein in both malignant and benign epithelial cells of the prostate. However, we did not detect hK4 in cerebrospinal fluid, healthy and cancerous ovarian tissue extracts, and many other human tissue extracts. CONCLUSIONS: hK4 protein is present in some prostatic tissue extracts but at relatively low concentrations, although KLK4 mRNA is readily detectable by RT-PCR. We propose that the protein either is not synthesized efficiently or is degraded very quickly.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Multicenter evaluation of an artificial neural network to increase the prostate cancer detection rate and reduce unnecessary biopsies.

BACKGROUND: The percentage of free prostate-specific antigen (%fPSA) has been shown to improve specificity for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) over total PSA (tPSA). A multicenter study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of a %fPSA-based artificial neural network (ANN) in men with tPSA concentrations between 2 and 20 microg/L for detecting patients with increased risk of a positive prostate biopsy for cancer. METHODS: We enrolled 1188 men from six different hospitals with PCa or benign prostates between 1996 and 2001. We used a newly developed ANN with input data of tPSA, %fPSA, patient age, prostate volume, and digital rectal examination (DRE) status to calculate the risk for the presence of PCa within different tPSA ranges (2-4, 4.1-10, 2-10, 10.1-20, and 2-20 microg/L) at the 90% and 95% specificity or sensitivity cutoffs, depending on the tPSA concentration. ROC analysis and cutoff calculations were used to estimate the diagnostic improvement of the ANN compared with %fPSA alone. RESULTS: In the low tPSA range (2-4 microg/L), the ANN detected 72% and 65% of cancers at specificities of 90% or 95%, respectively. At 4-10 microg/L tPSA, the ANN detected 90% and 95% of cancers with specificities of 62% and 41%, respectively. Use of the ANN with 2-10 microg/L tPSA enhanced the specificity of %fPSA by 20-22%, thus reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced accuracy of PCa detection over that obtained using %fPSA alone can be achieved with a %fPSA-based ANN that also includes clinical information from DRE and prostate volume measurements.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in alveolar macrophages and regulation by interleukin-10 in patients with acute pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several interstitial lung diseases by their effects on inflammatory processes and extracellular matrix remodelling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether macrophage-derived MMPs and cathepsins are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Therefore the release of MMP-2, MMP-9, and cathepsins B and L from alveolar macrophages (AM) in active pulmonary sarcoidosis was studied and compared to normal controls and patients with pneumonia and fibrosis. Patients with sarcoidosis (n = 11), pulmonary fibrosis (n = 7), and pneumonia (n = 9) and normal controls (n = 10) were enrolled in the study. AM were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and cultured without stimulation and in presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). The release of cathepsins and MMPs as well as IL-10 and TNFalpha was measured in the supernatant of cultured AM by fluorimetric assays and zymography. AM of patients with sarcoidosis and pneumonia spontaneously released more MMP-2 than normal controls. Stimulation with TNFalpha showed no effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 production. Exogenous IL-10 led partially to an inhibition of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 release. Patients with sarcoidosis produced significantly more IL-10 and TNFalpha than normal controls. This was not observed in patients with fibrosis and pneumonia. The spontaneous release of cathepsins B and L did not differ between the patient groups and normal controls and was not affected by TNFalpha and IL-10. The data show that AM of patients with sarcoidosis and pneumonia release significant amounts of MMP-2. The endogenous production of IL-10 in AM of patients with sarcoidosis and the MMP downregulation by exogenous IL-10 suggest an involvement of IL-10 in MMP regulation. Furthermore the results suggest that the production of MMP-2 is more specific for acute lung injury, rather than for a single lung disease such as sarcoidosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular cloning of a new gene which is differentially expressed in breast and prostate cancers.

OBJECTIVE: The chromosomal region 19q13 is non-randomly rearranged in many solid tumors. METHODS: Using the positional candidate gene approach, we cloned a new gene, tentatively named cancer-associated gene (CAG), which is differentially expressed in breast and prostate cancers. RESULTS: The gene is formed of 3 exons and 2 intervening introns. Its coding region is 1,047 bp in length and is predicted to encode a 348-amino-acid polypeptide. The new gene maps to chromosome 19q13.4 and is located 14 kb telomeric to the kallikrein gene locus (KLK14 gene) and 17 kb centromeric from the Siglec family of genes (Siglec-9). The gene is expressed in a wide variety of tissues including the brain, colon, kidney and pancreas. The CAG protein shows a high degree of conservation among species and phylogenetically is most closely related to its mouse ortholog. In silico analysis indicates that this gene is differentially expressed in a variety of tumors including brain, colon, ovarian and prostate cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary experimental data show that CAG is upregulated in prostate cancer tissues compared to normal prostatic tissues. CAG also appears to be downregulated in breast cancer tissues. The physiological function of the CAG protein is currently unknown.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential expression of a human kallikrein 5 (KLK5) splice variant in ovarian and prostate cancer.

The presence of more than one mRNA form is common among kallikrein genes. We identified an mRNA transcript of the human kallikrein gene 5 (KLK5), denoted KLK5 splice variant 1 (KLK5-SV1). This variant has a different 5'-splice site, but encodes the same protein as the classical KLK5 transcript. RT-PCR analysis of this variant transcript expression in 29 human tissues indicated highest expression in the cervix, salivary gland, kidney, mammary gland, and skin. Comparative analysis of the expression levels of KLK5-SV1, another splice variant named KLK5 splice variant 2 (KLK5-SV2), and the classical KLK5 form showed that out of all three mRNA transcripts, the classical form is predominantly expressed (found in more tissues and at higher expression levels) followed by KLK5-SV1. KLK5-SV1 is expressed at high levels in ovarian, pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer cell lines. KLK5-SV1 was also found to be expressed in 9/10 ovarian cancer tissues, but it was not found in one normal ovarian tissue tested. Hormonal regulation experiments suggest that KLK5-SV1 is regulated by steroid hormones in the BT-474 breast cancer cell line. Furthermore, this variant had significantly higher expression in normal prostate tissues compared to their matched cancer tissue counterparts. KLK5-SV1 may have clinical utility in various malignancies and should be further explored as a potential new biomarker for prostate and ovarian cancer.

Base Sequence↗