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Biomedical subjects

K Smith

Publications and source records attributed to K Smith.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

New departures in epilepsy care: an epilepsy liaison service.

Epilepsy care in the UK is patchy, fragmented and poorly coordinated. Primary care management is appropriate for many people with epilepsy but there are practical difficulties in delivering care at this level which renders the service that patients get far below the best they could receive. Epilepsy care in a primary setting is often not audited: patients managed purely in a primary setting may be denied access to recent advances in diagnostic techniques and therapies for epilepsy. As healthcare becomes more consumer led, purchasers of epilepsy care [largely general practitioners (GPs)] must be more aware of what they need to purchase to improve care for people with epilepsy within their own practice. People with epilepsy and their relatives are already beginning to make their own demands and requests for improvement in epilepsy care, both at primary and secondary levels of care: their needs will have to be taken into account. The Birmingham University Epilepsy Liaison Project aims to bridge the gap between primary and secondary care, and provide both advice about audit of epilepsy care and educational materials for the primary care physician. It also provides for better communication between the primary care physician, the patient and secondary and tertiary facilities. We hope, if it fulfils its designed function, that it will provide a model of future care for epilepsy in this country.

Clinical Protocols↗

A comparison of public health care utilization by gay men and intravenous drug users with AIDS in San Francisco.

A group of gay-identified men (n = 81) and intravenous drug users (n = 88) diagnosed with AIDS in San Francisco were surveyed regarding their use and satisfaction with their health care services. The interview contained a mix of qualitative and quantitative questions. The two groups of AIDS patients were not statistically different in terms of age or self-reported level of health during the previous 3 months, although the gay men had been diagnosed with AIDS somewhat longer (20 months) than the group of intravenous drug users (15 months). Analysis of the quantitative data revealed that intravenous drug users receive more medical care for HIV disease than did gay men and were equally satisfied with the care that they did receive. Analysis of the qualitative data showed that considerable agreement exists between the perceptions of both gay men and intravenous drug users of the health care system.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Physical therapy episodes of care for patients with low back pain.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although individuals with low back pain frequently receive treatment from a physical therapist, few published studies exist that describe who sees a physical therapist for their low back pain nor is much known about physical therapy episodes of care for this condition. Secondary analysis of data from the American Physical Therapy Association's Survey of Physical Therapy Outpatient Practice provides new descriptive data on services provided to a national, representative sample of patients discharged from hospital-based and private outpatient practices. In addition, specific hypotheses were tested on clinical and background factors believed to influence low back pain episodes of care. SUBJECTS: Patients with low back pain represented over 25% of all outpatient discharges from physical therapy practices. METHODS: A mail survey was conducted with representatives of a national probability sample of facilities that provided outpatient physical therapy services. Data were provided on each facility and on a discharge sample of patients treated at each facility. RESULTS: On average, episodes of care extended over 5 weeks and consisted of 11 therapy visits, for an average charge of $766.70. Duration and charge for low back episodes of care did not differ, on average, in private versus hospital-based practices. Certain aspects of care, however, did vary across regions of the country. Episodes of care charged to workers' compensation were costlier than those charged to other insurance carriers, and whites were charged less, on average, than nonwhites. Duration of back symptoms was related to intensity, duration, and charges incurred for the episode of care. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Further research is needed to understand the reasons for the relationships observed in this study, as well as studies that relate care provided by physical therapists to specific patient outcomes. Further research is also needed to compare outcomes achieved across different health professions.

Adult↗

Effects of 3-5 log10 pre-storage leucocyte depletion on red cell storage and metabolism.

A new, in-line high-efficiency 3-5 log10 leucodepletion filter system (Leukotrap RC system) was used to investigate the effect of pre-storage white cell removal on the quality of AS-3 red cell concentrates stored for 42 d at 4 degrees C. Median residual white cell content was 4 x 10(5) when filtration was performed at 22 degrees C within 8 h of phlebotomy (n = 20) and 3.2 x 10(4) when filtration was performed at 4 degrees C 12-24 h after phlebotomy (n = 24). None exceeded 1 x 10(6) WBC per red cell product. Filtration was rapid (median 28 min), and red cell loss averaged (mean +/- 1 SD) 6.4 +/- 0.7%. In a paired study design, post-transfusion recoveries of 42 d stored red cells in the filtered units averaged 84 +/- 6% v 82 +/- 8% for unfiltered units (P < 0.05) and post-storage haemolysis. ATP, osmotic fragility, K+ and pH were significantly (P < 0.05) better in the filtered units. Reduced glycolytic activity was also observed in the filtered units, and there was a correlation between osmotic fragility, glucose consumption, and lactate produced in standard units that was not present in leucodepleted units. In conclusion, this study suggests that leucodepletion of AS-3 red cell concentrates prior to storage results in better maintenance of the integrity of the red cell membrane with reduced glycolytic activity. There was a modest improvement in post-infusion viability sufficient to offset the filtration-induced loss and to result in an equivalent red cell product.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

The effect of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I on ketone body, lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and its use to treat ketoacidosis in severe insulin resistance.

The effect of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) on ketone body concentrations was studied in a patient with the Mendenhall syndrome, a rare insulin-resistant state. Treatment with intravenous rhlGF-I for an episode of ketoacidosis led to a clinical and biochemical improvement. One month later, the effect of 20 mg rhlGF-I infused daily for 4 days on ketone body concentrations was studied. From peak concentrations 24 h prior to the study to a nadir 72 h after the infusion commenced, acetoacetate fell from 4.17 mmol l-1 to 0.86 mmol l-1, beta-hydroxybutyrate from 9.91 mmol l-1 to 2.03 mmol l-1, and acetone from 2 mmol l-1 to 0.4 mmol l-1. Further studies of rhlGF-1 use caused a fall in concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, and apolipoprotein B. Infusion of rhlGF-1 reduces ketone body concentrations and may be life-saving in the treatment of ketoacidosis developing in a patient with a severe insulin-resistant state.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

Antibody for detecting p53 protein by immunohistochemistry in normal tissues.

AIMS: To establish whether PAb248 recognises human p53 as well as murine p53 and if so, to determine its distribution in normal tissues. METHODS: The ability of PAb248 to recognise human p53 was established by analysis of the human osteosarcoma derived Saos-2 cell line, which lacks the p53 gene, before and after transfection with p53 cDNA, using western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Immunostaining on normal tissues and cell lines was carried out using an immunoperoxidase technique. The two anti-p53 antibodies PAb 240 and DO-7 were used as controls. RESULTS: The anti-p53 PAb248 monoclonal antibody stained the Saos-2 cell line after, but not before, transfection with p53 cDNA. Both western blots and immunoprecipitations performed with this antibody revealed a 53,000 molecular weight band. With immunostaining, this antibody detects p53 protein in most lymphoid and human epithelial cells in a cytoplasmic-perinuclear localisation that has not been described before. In the same tissues nuclear staining could be seen in a few scattered cells using the PAb240 antibody. The topographical distribution of wild type p53 was not related to proliferating areas but, rather, to short-lived populations of cells. CONCLUSIONS: Immunostaining of wild type p53 is demonstrable not only in its nuclear form using antibody PAb240 but also in it common cytoplasmic-perinuclear localisation in normal tissues using the PAb248 monoclonal antibody. This opens up new possibilities for its study in both physiological and pathological conditions.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

Asymmetry and skin pigmentary anomalies in chromosome mosaicism.

We report six persons mosaic for a chromosome anomaly. All were mentally retarded and dysmorphic. Unilateral or asymmetrical features were found in all cases, in one an unusual transverse terminal limb anomaly, and in the others various degrees of hemiatrophy of the left side of the body. Five of the subjects had skin pigmentary anomalies which were distributed in the lines of Blaschko. The abnormal cell lines found were ring chromosome 22, trisomy 22, a large acrocentric marker, a deletion of 18q, a deletion of 8q, and triploidy. In four cases the clinical diagnosis was only confirmed by skin biopsy. In one case low level mosaicism in blood was fortuitously detected because of cytogenetic fragile X screening and confirmed in a skin biopsy. The sixth case was of dynamic mosaicism of a non-mosaic deletion 18q with a chromosome 18 derived marker present in a proportion of cells. Chromosome mosaicisn may cause subtle and asymmetrical clinical features and can require repeated cytogenetic investigations. The diagnosis should be actively sought as it enables accurate genetic counselling to be given.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

Measurement of human tissue protein synthesis: an optimal approach.

This paper reviews the evidence for and against the adoption of methods for the measurement of human tissue protein synthesis based upon the incorporation of stable isotopically labeled amino acids administered either as a continuous infusion or as a flooding dose. The practical advantages of the flooding dose method are the relative ease of application of the tracer and the ability to make a repeat measurement within approximately 2 h. For the method depending upon continuous infusion of labeled amino acid, the advantages include the use of labeled amino acids at true tracer doses (i.e., with no disturbance of metabolism) and the ability to make simultaneous measurements of whole body turnover and limb or organ turnover (given appropriate sampling techniques). The crucial question concerning the accuracy of the two methods (e.g., the 2-fold difference in the rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis) remains unresolved, but in our opinion more evidence exists in favor of the values obtained from the continuous infusion method. Furthermore, as techniques for measurement of stable isotopically labelled amino acids improve, the length of time necessary for tracer infusion will fall, and the practical advantages of the flooding dose protocol will lessen in comparison.

Amino Acids↗

Effect of a flooding dose of leucine in stimulating incorporation of constantly infused valine into albumin.

Recently, we demonstrated increased incorporation of [13C]valine tracer into muscle protein after administration of a flooding dose of L-leucine. We have now investigated the possibility of a similar effect on albumin synthesis in the same group of volunteers. We gave L-[1-13C]leucine (20 atom%, 0.05 g/kg) during the final 90 min of a 7.5-h primed constant infusion of L-[1-13C]valine (99 atom%, 1.5 mg/kg prime constant infusion of 1.5 mg.kg-1.h-1) in healthy male volunteers in the postabsorptive state. Blood samples, taken at 0.5- to 1-h intervals during the constant infusion and at 5- to 30-min intervals during the application of the flooding dose, were analyzed for the concentration and 13C enrichment of leucine, valine, and their ketoacids. Albumin was isolated and hydrolyzed, and the enrichments of incorporated valine and leucine were compared with the mean enrichment of various possible precursor pools to calculate the apparent rate of albumin protein synthesis according to the standard procedures. During constant infusion of [13C]valine tracer the rate of albumin synthesis (measured using alpha-ketoisovalerate labeling as a surrogate for the true precursor) was 0.250 +/- 0.041%h (SD), a value identical to that routinely obtained using constant leucine tracer infusion and alpha-ketoisocaproate labeling. During the application of the flooding dose of leucine, the rate of incorporation of tracer [13C]valine into albumin increased by 73% to 0.433 +/- 0.129%/h (P < 0.05); the apparent protein synthetic rate calculated from the incorporation of leucine applied during the flood was 0.402 +/- 0.057 (P < 0.001). These results raise further doubts about the validity of the flooding dose method for the measurement of rates of human protein synthesis.

Adult↗

Parental opinions about attending parent support groups.

Parent support groups are often a routine part of the services provided to families who have children with special health care needs. Often times, however, the groups are poorly attended, despite expressions of interest from parents. A survey of 45 families was conducted to examine who participates, why, and what factors encourage attendance. This article describes the survey responses and offers suggestions regarding utilization of the results for those planning parent support groups.

Adult↗

The impact of care coordination on children with special health care needs.

Families of children with special health care needs face challenges in securing comprehensive health, educational, and social services. As a result, care may be fragmented, duplicative, confusing, and unnecessarily costly. Case management or care coordination is a method of overcoming some of the obstacles experienced by these children and their families. This article describes the Automated Case Management System/Community Based Care Coordination Project for California Children Services Children and Their Families in Los Angeles County (grant number MCJ 065020), a grant project funded by the Maternal Child Health Bureau from October 1987 to December 1990 in which family-centered, community-based care coordination services were provided to a select group of clients and the effectiveness of the interventions was evaluated. Care coordination was readily accepted by families and resulted in increased services, but the evaluation proved to be challenging.

Child Health Services↗

Forced single-nostril breathing and cognition.

This experiment investigated whether forced single-nostril breathing differentially affects cognitive abilities presumed to be mediated by the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Phase I was an attempted replication of a reported sex difference in the effects of unilateral breathing on verbal versus spatial performance and Phase II was a study of breathing effects on different verbal and spatial tests. No differences associated with breathing condition were found in the replication study. In Phase II, men breathing through the right nostril scored significantly lower than men in the control condition on a letter-matching test although they did not differ significantly from men in the left-nostril condition on that test. There were no significant breathing-related differences on two spatial tests, and no differences associated with breathing condition for the women. Assessment of nostril dominance before and after cognitive testing showed that the forced-breathing exercise did not significantly alter subjects' nostril dominance. A significant left-nostril bias was found in this sample.

Adult↗