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Biomedical subjects

K L Kuttler

Publications and source records attributed to K L Kuttler.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Anaplasma marginale in bovine erythrocyte cultures.

Bovine erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma marginale were standardized with normal bovine erythrocytes at 1.4% and 3.5% parasitemia and cultured under low oxygen pressure at 37 C. The number of erythrocytes infected by A marginale appeared to increase 3.3-fold by day 11 and 4.5-fold by day 3, as determined by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin films of the culture suspension. Anaplasma parasites in experimental cultures were proven to be viable and pathogenic by calf inoculation for up to 16 days.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1980

Immunization of cattle with a Babesia bigemina antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant.

Three adult intact cattle and five splenetomized calves were immunized against Babesia bigemina by the subcutaneous injection of an adjuvant-vaccine given twice at 3- and 4-week intervals, respectively. The antigen consisted of B bigemina parasites and erythrocytic stroma. The vaccinated adults plus one control, and the vaccinated splenectomized calves plus four comparable controls were challenge exposed at 67 and 33 days, respectively, after the last vaccine injection. All control animals died of acute babesiosis. The intact vaccinated adult cows showed only minimal response and little or no drop in packed cell volume. Three of five vaccinated splenectomized calves showed a moderate response to challenge exposure and recovered rapidly.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of three methods of immunization against bovine anaplasmosis: an examination of postvaccinal effects.

Normandy calves ranging in age from 7 to 11 months were immunized against bovine anaplasmosis, using a diluted virulent Anaplasma marginale stabilate of Colombian origin, diluted bovine blood containing an apparently mild strain of A marginale isolated in Colombia, or an attenuated A marginale vaccine of ovine origin from the United States. Calves given the stabilate generally showed a moderate degree of parasitemia and reduction in packed cell volume (PCV). Calves given the apparently mild Colombian isolate of A marginale developed a moderate parasitemia, a reduction in PCV, and in some instances, required treatment to moderate the premunization procedure. Calves given the attenuated vaccine showed minimal evidence of parasitemia and PCV reduction. Most of the immunized calves became seropositive in the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis and all calves sampled showed evidence of a cell-mediated response, using the leukocyte migration-inhibition test.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of three methods of immunization against bovine anaplasmosis: evaluation of protection afforded against field challenge exposure.

The efficacy of three immunization methods for bovine anaplasmosis was tested on 88 yearling Normandy cattle which were challenge-exposed under field conditions in an enzootic zone in Colombia, South American. A total of 30 cattle were immunized (premunized) with a presumed mild Colombian isolate of Anaplasma marginale; 29 calves were vaccinated with an attenuated A marginale of ovine origin; and 29 were exposed to a virulent A marginale stabilate of Colombian origin. Twenty-nine nonvaccinated cattle served as controls. Parasitemia, packed cell volume, body weight, and complement-fixation antibody response were monitored to determine host response to challenge exposure. The calves experienced a Babesia challenge exposure following arrival in the enzootic zone, after which a transient increase in Anaplasma parasitemia, accompanied by a decrease in packed cell volume, occurred in most of the vaccinated calves. However, neither clinical anaplasmosis nor mortality due to the disease occurred in the immunized cattle. Twenty-seven of the nonvaccinated calves had signs of clinical anaplasmosis and five (17%) died of the disease.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1979

Mortality, weight loss and anaemia in Bos taurus calves exposed to Boophilus microplus ticks in the tropics of Colombia.

One hundred and sixteen pure-bred Normandy calves previously immunised against babesiosis and anaplasmosis were transported to the Caribbean Coast of Colombia where they divided into 2 equal groups and placed in separate pastures. One group sustained heavy infestation with Boophilus microplus ticks. The second group became lightly infested. The heavily infested calves suffered average losses in body weight of 38 kg and a 48% decrease in mean packed cell volume. Twenty-three (40%) died 16 to 39 days following arrival from severe ixodiasis and babesiosis. Mortality did not occur nor were significant weight losses observed in the group of lightly infested calves.

Anemia↗
PubMed1979

Current anaplasmosis control techniques in the United States.

A card test for detecting anaplasmosis, along with the complement-fixation test, has proved useful in identifying carrier animals. This identification, associated with treatment with tetracyclines, has been a basis for control in the southeast where anaplasmosis is endemic. The tetracyclines are used parenterally (terramycin 11 mg/kg, 10-14 days) or orally (2,2 to 11 mg/kg, 45-60 days). Notwithstanding these methods, anaplasmosis remains a problem and many animals require treatment to moderate the course of acute infection. A new drug, T-200 (a long-lasting terramycin), has been tested and found effective in treating acute infections (20 mg/kg, 1 time) and in cleaning carrier infections (20 mg/kg, 2 times at a 7-day interval). For several years, a killed adjuvant vaccine was extensively used to control anaplasmosis. The occurrence of neonatal isohemolytic anaemia in association with this vaccine has discouraged its use. This vaccine is still being marketed, but is usually used on selected animals. An attenuated Anaplasma vaccine of ovine origin has been developed, but is not licensed for use in the United States although it has been successfully used elsewhere.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1978

Relative efficacy of two oxytetracycline formulations and doxycycline in the treatment of acute anaplasmosis in splenectomized calves.

The efficacy of 3 antibiotic formulations was measured in the treatment of artificially induced anaplasmosis in the early stages of an ascending parasitemia (1% to 4%) in 23 splenectomized calves. Group 1, consisting of 5 calves, served as nontreated controls. Four calves (group 2) were treated 1 time with 10 mg of oxytetracycline (T-50)/kg of body weight IM; 5 calves (group 3) were treated 3 times with 10 mg of T-50/kg IM; 5 calves (group 4) were treated 1 time with 20 mg of an experimental oxytetracycline (T-200)/kg IM; and 4 calves (group 5) were treated 1 time with 10 mg of a synthetically derived antibacterial agent, doxycycline (D-100)/kg IM. All control calves died and 1 of 4 calves died that was treated 1 time with T-50. Other deaths did not occur. All treatments were effective in moderating the infective process, but T-50 given 3 times and T-200 given 1 time were markedly more effective than T-50 and D-100 given 1 time. There appeared to be little or no difference in therapeutic efficacy between T-50 and D-100 given 1 time and between T-50 given 3 times and T-200 given 1 time.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Comparisons of the complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody reactions in the detection of bovine babesiasis.

Complement-fixation (CF) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) antigens were prepared from Babesia bigemina isolates obtained in Texas. These serologic procedures were evaluated on 130 serum samples sequentially collected from 5 B bigemina-infected mature cattle, beginning on the day of exposure and continuing for 175 day thereafter. Both tests were effective in detecting specific antibodies for the first 84 days of infection, with 57 of 60 (95%) serums tested being positive on the CF test and 57 of 57 (100%) tests being positive to the IFA test. During the interval from 98 to 175 days, 24 of 60 (40%) of the serums tested were positive with the CF test, and 53 of 56 (95%) were positive with the IFA test. During the first 84 days, a similar linear regression occurred in both CF and IFA serum titers, but after 98 days the IFA regression flattened out, whereas the CF titers decreased below the sensitivity threshold in 60% of the serums tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Experimentally induced anaplasmosis in neonatal isohemolytic anemia-recovered calves.

Anaplasma marginale infections were induced in 3 calves previously affected with neonatal immunohemolytic anemia (NIA). Similar infections were induced in 6 splenectomized and 7 intact calves. The response to infection by 3 calves (NIA recovered) closely resembled infections seen in splenectomized calves, being markedly more severe than similar infections in intact calves. Spleens from 3 (NIA recovered) calves after splenectomy were about one-tenth normal size. Marked recrudescing anaplasmal infections were not detected after splenectomy of the calves (NIA recovered), whereas marked recrudescing infections were observed after splenectomy of 2 intact calves having recovered from the primary infections.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1977

Absorption, distribution, and excretion of imidocarb dipropionate in sheep.

Spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of imidocarb in biological specimens are described. Following intravenous injection of imidocarb (2.0 mg/kg) into 3 sheep, plasma concentrations, initially averaging 10.8 microgram/ml, decreased to an average of 1.9 microgram/ml within 1 hour and then to less than 1 microgram/ml within the next 4 hours. When imidocarb (4.5 mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly (IM) into 7 sheep, peak plasma concentrations averaging 7.9 microgram/ml were achieved within 4 hours and then rapidly decreased to 4.6 microgram/ml within the next 2 hours. Plasma values then decayed very slowly by first-order kinetics and trace amounts were still present 4 weeks after treatment. Imidocarb was bound to plasma proteins and the apparent volume of distribution was estimated to be slightly higher than the total body water. The concentrations of the drug in the plasma and in the erythrocytes were approximately equal. Detectable amounts were present in all examined tissues 4 weeks after IM administration Twenty-four hours after IM administration, the highest concentrations were in kidney, liver, and brain. The 14C-labeled imidocarb could be detected in all regions of the central nervous system examined, in the hypophysis, and in the pineal body. Metabolic or biotransformation products were not detected by the methods used. Of the administered IM dose, 11 to 17% was excreted in the urine within 24 hours; thereafter, the excretion rate was low, and detectable amounts were still present in the urine for 4 weeks. Renal clearance of imidocarb was less than glomerular filtration rate, indicating net tubular reabsorption. The relatively high concentration of imidocarb in the bile suggests that the bile is an important route of excretion. High concentrations were also found in the mild of lactating ewes, but the drug could not be detected in the plasma of lambs fed milk from these ewes.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Influence of dexamethasone on the recrudescence of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves.

Dexamethasone was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight to 11 splenectomized Anaplasma-carrier calves (groups 1 and 3) on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 3 weeks. Observations were made on these calves and on 7 nontreated, comparable calves (group 2) to determine the influence of treatment on carrier infections. Dexamethasone treatment was associated in every instance with an exacerbation of the Anaplasma parasitemia and a decrease in packed red cell volume. The episode of acute anaplasmosis was of short duration, resembling the primary response, except that complement-fixation response did not increase accordingly. Serum protein electrophoresis of serums from 4 calves (group 3) undergoing the drug-induced response failed to show any significant change during the 3-week treatment period, but did show a significant increase in gamma-globulin immediately after treatment.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1975

The effect of Imidocarb treatment on Babesia in the bovine and the tick (Boophilus microplus).

Treatment of calves with 5 mg/kg Imidocarb (3,3-1-bis-(2 - imidazolin - 2 - yl)carbanilide dipropionate) given intramuscularly 14 days before and 14 days after exposure to Babesia infected Boophilus microplus larvae rendered the next generation of larvae incapable of transmitting Babesia infection. When administered to calves 14 or 28 days before tick exposure, the drug prevented the development of clinical babesiosis; the larval progeny of ticks reared on the calf which was treated 28 days before infestation were infective. Treatment of a calf 42 days before exposure to infective larvae did not prevent the development of a Babesia parasitaemia but appeared to reduce the severity of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Isolation of a bovine Theileria.

Dual infections of Anaplasma marginale and a Theileria, resembling Theileria mutans, occurred in splenectomized calves inoculated with pooled blood samples from eastern Texas cattle. Theileria was obtained in pure form by treating dually infected cattle with selectively eliminated Anaplasma. These theileria infections were responsible for mild, transient reductions in packed red blood cell volume (PCV).

Anaplasmosis↗