Temporal relationships of hepatitis C virus RNA and antibody responses following experimental infection of chimpanzees.
Liver enzyme levels, viral RNA, and the immune response against both structural and nonstructural hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins have been studied in experimentally infected chimpanzees in order to further understand the natural history of HCV infection. An ELISA for measuring both IgG and IgM responses to core (c22), 33c (NS3), and c100 (NS4) was employed. The IgG response rates were 5/8 for core, and 8/8 for both 33c and c100. Utilizing this antigen combination, at least one antibody response is measureable at, or within 3 weeks of, the major ALT peak. Although no individual antibody response is universally associated with initial detection of seroconversion, the combination of all three recombinant proteins measures seroconversion an average of 54 days earlier than with c100 alone, in 6/8 of the animals. IgM responses were measureable in 5/8 of the chimpanzees, were of shorter duration, and usually arose concomitantly with IgG responses. IgM appears to be a good indicator of primary infection since neither boosting nor recrudescence of disease during the chronic phase of disease elicited a secondary IgM response. Viral RNA can be measured 4-7 days (average = 9 days) postinfection with the period preceding the ALT peak being characterized by several PCR positive segments interrupted by periods in which no viral RNA can be measured. Following the ALT peak, chronically infected animals with recurring ALT elevations are generally PCR positive with intercedent PCR negative periods. Those animals that appear to have biochemically resolved disease generally have PCR negative profiles, although they still may periodically exhibit PCR positive sera. This indicates that with the recent advent of new screening techniques, a more stringent definition of HCV resolution will be required.