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Biomedical subjects

K Kida

Publications and source records attributed to K Kida.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

A comparison of lung structure in male DBA and C57 black mice and their F1 offspring.

To test whether lung structure in mice is genetically determined, two inbred strains of mice and their F1 offspring of the same age and gender were studied. Body size and lung size were measured, and various morphometric parameters were calculated. Each parameter was analyzed to elucidate the effects of dam, sire, both, or none by a genetic analytical method. The two inbred lines differed in lung and body size as well as in morphometric parameters. These parameters were found to be under genetic control by sire, dam, both, or none. From the data of reciprocal crossing, it appears that there is a maternal effect on the following parameters: body weight, fresh lung weight, fixed lung volume/fresh lung weight, specific lung volume, alveolar wall proportion, mean alveolar wall thickness, and mean linear intercept. Through a more detailed genetic analysis, it was found that specific lung volume in one F1 offspring showed an additive effect. On the other hand, the following parameters indicated heterotic effects (an increase or decrease in dimension compared to the parents with many possibly favorable) in one or both F1 offspring: body weight, fresh lung weight, fixed lung volume/fresh lung weight, specific lung volume, alveolar wall proportion, mean alveolar wall thickness, mean linear intercept, mean chord length of alveoli, mean chord length of alveolar ducts, alveolar surface area, and alveolar surface area to lung volume ratio. These findings indicate that genetic effects are important factors in normal lung development.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Pulmonary complications subsequent to fractured neck of the femur in the elderly].

Fracture of the neck of the femur (FNF) is a common disorder in the elderly. A total of 618 cases consisting of 117 males and 501 females, whose age was 65 years or more, were enrolled in a prospective study. A total of 45 cases among them revealed pulmonary complications. These were divided into the following three groups: Group 1 (4.7%) who had respiratory disease(s) or symptoms prior to the fracture; Group 2 (1.9%), diagnosed as having pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). In Group 3 (0.6%), PTE was a possible diagnosis but it was not distinguished from pneumonia in precise. In the patients of group 2 and 3, respectively, the following respiratory symptoms were observed: dyspnea (31.3%), productive cough (25%), syncope (12.6%), chest pain (6.3%), tachycardia (46.7%), and tachypnea (50%). An abnormal chest roentgenogram was found 56.4% in both group 2 and 3. Seven patients in group 2 showed remarkable reduction of PaO2 on admission, however these all recovered within 7 days without any thrombolytic treatment. The prevalence of PTE caused by FNF in the elderly was close to that in younger cases, but the clinical symptoms were less in the former.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Standardization by arm span of lung function tests in the elderly].

Kypho(scolio)sis in the elderly is known to cause body height reduction, and this may result in inaccurate estimation in the calculation of various predicted values based on body height in lung function test. A total of 91 patients without any known cardiopulmonary diseases were studied for the relationship between body height, arm span and predicted values of lung function tests. In addition, the kyphotic angle was evaluated for the quantitative assessment of the kyphosis. Our results showed that kyphoscoliosis in the elderly resulted in under- or overstimulation of an average of 1.2-3.9% when the arm span was used instead of the body height to obtain the predicted value of vital capacity. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation among the following parameters: the severity of kyphosis, body height or arm span and age. The arm span showed a good correlation with the body height. From these observations, it was concluded that instead of the body height the arm span could be used for calculating the predicted value on lung function tests as a more convenient methods in bed-ridden patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[A study of refractory pneumonia complicated by multiple organ failure in the elderly].

A retrospective study of refractory pneumonia (n = 54), who were randomly selected from total of 657 cases of pneumonia in the elderly, was performed. These were divided into the following two groups in terms of complications. The group with multiple organ failure (MOF group; n = 30), complicated by multiple organ failure during their clinical course of refractory pneumonia, was compared with refractory pneumonia without multiple organ failure (non-MOF group; n = 24). Among 57% of cases of the MOF group, respiratory failure developed prior to MOF and among 37% of the cases respiratory failure occurred simultaneously with MOF. The respiratory failure in the MOF group was closely related to coagulopathy. Histopathological studies of the MOF group revealed remarkable congestion and edema. From these observations, respiratory management is considered the most important to avoid concomitant multiple organ failure.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Basic and clinical studies on use of clarithromycin granules in pediatrics].

Studies were conducted on in vivo pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268) in children and also on the efficacy and the safety of this macrolide antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial infections in children. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. TE-031 granules were orally administered to 5 children in a dosage of 5 mg/kg before meal. Maximum drug concentrations (range: 0.29-2.0 micrograms/ml) in the serum occurred during a period from 30 minutes to 1 hour after administration, but there were clear differences in blood concentrations among the individuals. 2. TE-031 granules were orally administered in a average dosage of 20 mg/kg/day to a total of 17 patients, consisting of 14 children with respiratory tract infections and 3 children with intestinal infections. The clinical efficacy evaluation resulted in 10 excellent cases, 6 good cases and 1 fair case, for an efficacy rate of 94.1%. 3. Studies on the bacterial efficacy were carried out for 10 cases. The TE-031 bacteriological efficacy evaluation showed elimination in 7 cases, a decreased bacterial count in 2 cases, and no change in 1 case. The elimination rate was, thus, 70.0%. Elimination rates according to different species of bacteria were 66.7% (2 of 3 strains) for Staphylococcus aureus, 100% for both Streptococcus pneumoniae (3 of 3) and Streptococcus pyogenes (1 of 1), and 42.9% (3 of 7) for Haemophilus influenzae. 4. There were no symptoms which were attributable to side effects of the TE-031 therapy. The only laboratory test abnormality detected was eosinophilia in 1 patient.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[Treatment of intractable pneumonia in the elderly].

To study the problems of treatment which arise in intractable pneumonia in the elderly, randomly selected cases from recent cases of pneumonia aged over 65 (n = 657) in the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric hospital were annually retrospectively. Among factors which contributed to intractable pneumonia, malnutrition, aspiration, renal and cardiac failure as well as malignancy were considered statistically significant. The number of cases of the intractable pneumonia which were complicated with multiple organ failure (MOF) increased recently. Hypoxemia was one of the predisposing factor of pneumonia with MOF. It should be emphasized that well-designed supportive therapy as well as choice of appropriate antibiotics is important to determine the outcome of intractable pneumonia in the elderly. Problems concerning the pathogenesis of organizing pneumonia among intractable pneumonia cases which has recently increased in prevalence among the elderly was also discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Infection--clinico-pathological profile of diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis (DAB)].

In order to investigate the clinico-pathological profile of the inflammatory disease of the intermediate zone of broncho-pulmonary system, a retrospective study was conducted in consecutively autopsied cases at Tokyo University Hospital (n = 495) and Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatrics Center Hospital (n = 1178). We analyzed clinical findings, laboratory tests, pulmonary function tests and chest roentgenograms. In addition, morphologic changes were assessed semiquantitatively as to the grade as well as the localization of inflammation in the lungs. Aspiration pulmonary diseases were found in 7% of all autopsied cases and diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis (DAB) was observed in 16% (1% of all cases). Macroscopic findings of DAB in an autopsied lung were similar to those found in diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). The clinical symptoms and tests were, however, a complex mixture of DPB and aspiration pneumonia. As a result, differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma in the elderly among aspiration pulmonary diseases seemed crucial for the proper management of DAB. Histologic findings of DAB were characterized by more predominant localization of inflammation in bronchioli and the invariable presence of foreign body or related giant cells in this region of the lungs. In view of these findings, the occurrence of DAB might be related to recurrent aspiration of small amounts with superimposed infection of the airways.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in pediatrics].

The pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) were evaluated in 21 children with a variety of infections. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Pharmacokinetics in 4 children, each receiving a single dose of 60 mg/kg, were evaluated. The average half-life of SBT was 1.03 hours and that of ABPC was 0.83 hour. 2. In vitro antimicrobiol activity (MIC) of SBT/ABPC in which SBT and ABPC are combined at a ratio of 1:2 was stronger than ABPC alone and was quite effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae, but activity against Escherichia coli was relatively low. Antimicrobial activity of SBT/ABPC against S. aureus was almost equal to those of piperacillin (PIPC), cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazole (CMZ), but against H. influenzae was stronger than those of CEZ and CMZ. Activity against E. coli was lower than those of PIPC, CEZ and CMZ. 3. A total of 21 patients including 3 with pharyngitis, 10 with bronchitis, 5 with pneumonia, 1 each with acute enteritis, pyelonephritis and suspected sepsis were treated with SBT/ABPC. The clinical efficacy rate for these patients was 95.2% (20/21). The bacteriological eradication rate was 80% (8/10). 4. There were 4 instances of side effects, 1 case each of eruption, diarrhea, thrombocytosis and eosinophilia, but all symptoms were transient.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical studies of cefodizime in the pediatric field].

Cefodizime (CDZM, THR-221) was evaluated for its pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in 30 pediatric patients with bacterial infections. The following results were obtained. 1. The pharmacokinetics of CDZM in 6 children were investigated with a dose level of 20 mg/kg via intravenous injection. Mean serum half-lives (T 1/2 beta) of the drug were 120.9 minutes (HPLC) and 115.6 minutes (bioassay). In 8 hours after administration of CDZM, urinary excretion rates were 74.7% (HPLC) and 75.0% (bioassay). 2. The clinical efficacies of CDZM were studied in 29 pediatric patients, comprising 22 with respiratory tract infections, 2 with urinary tract infections, 2 with enteritis, 2 with lymphadenitis and 1 with gingivitis. The clinical efficacies were excellent in 13, good in 13 and fair in 3, with an efficacy rate of 89.7%. 3. The eradication rate for pathogens identified in 7 pediatric patients was 60% (6/10). The clinical efficacy rate in cases where pathogens were identified was 100% in terms of excellent+ good evaluations. 4. Only one case of mild diarrhea was observed as a side effect associated with CDZM. Laboratory tests revealed abnormal value of slightly elevated eosinophil in 3 cases. The data suggested that CDZM is a safe and effective injectable antibiotic for the treatment of infections in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Insulin binding to circulating monocytes in children with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

This study describes insulin binding to circulating monocytes in 24 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), five children with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and 10 healthy and 12 obese control children. Insulin binding to monocytes was greatly increased in untreated IDDM children with obvious ketoacidosis (5.51 +/- 3.49 vs. 1.91 +/- 0.47 pg/10(6) cells, P less than 0.01), whereas it was decreased in those without obvious ketoacidosis (1.39 +/- 0.30 vs. 1.91 +/- 0.47 pg/10(6) cells, P less than 0.01). Insulin treatment restored insulin binding almost to the level of control children in both ketoacidotic and non-ketoacidotic patients. Insulin binding to monocytes was markedly decreased in untreated NIDDM children with hyperinsulinemia compared with healthy control children (0.73 +/- 0.27 vs. 1.91 +/- 0.47 pg/10(6) cells, P less than 0.01) or obese control children (0.73 +/- 0.27 vs. 1.33 +/- 0.35 pg/10(6) cells, P less than 0.01). These data indicate that changes in insulin secretion and metabolic conditions might be involved in the fluctuation of the number of insulin receptors in IDDM children as well as in NIDDM children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dietary prevention of diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse.

Diabetes prone NOD female mice were fed diets containing different proteins from just before weaning. Only mice receiving meat meal or casein as the protein source developed diabetes at the rate expected from this colony. Lactalbumin and gluten did not precipitate diabetes except in a small number. Casein hydrolysate in lieu of protein protects against overt diabetes, but only if introduced early. The animals which did not show overt diabetes nevertheless had intermittent trace glycosuria and the majority showed mild degrees of periinsular lymphocytic infiltration.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Insulin action on glucose uptake by soleus muscles of nonobese diabetic mice and streptozotocin diabetic mice.

To elucidate the insulin action in skeletal muscles in insulin-dependent diabetes, the glucose uptake by isolated soleus muscles was studied in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice that develop insulinopenic diabetes spontaneously. The maximally insulin-stimulated uptake of 2-deoxyglucose was significantly decreased in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice with 3 to 6 weeks duration of diabetes (10.18 +/- 0.58 v 12.80 +/- 0.44 nmol/muscle/20 min, P less than .005), while basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake was not significantly altered in them. The net insulin-stimulated uptake measured individually was also significantly reduced in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice (1.33 +/- 0.23 v 4.07 +/- 0.40 nmol/muscle/20 min, P less than .001). This was the case with STZ-diabetic ICR mice with 6 weeks duration of diabetes and STZ-diabetic NOD mice with 2 weeks and 6 weeks durations of diabetes as well. The submaximal effect of insulin on 2-deoxyglucose uptake by the soleus muscle, defined as the percent of the maximal effect achieved at 10 ng/mL of insulin, was not significantly altered in STZ-diabetic NOD mice. These data suggest that a prolonged insulinopenic state might reduce the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscles by diminishing the insulin responsiveness and cause the insulin resistance in diabetic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Involvement of HLA in clinical courses of myasthenia gravis.

The relationship between the histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes and the clinical course of myasthenia gravis (MG) was studied in 53 Japanese patients with MG. The frequency of HLA-DRw9 antigen was high in the MG patients who did not need immunosuppressive therapy but only anticholinesterase agents (RR = 4.52; CP less than 0.02), who achieved remission of the disease (RR = 2.98; CP less than 0.05) or who showed a decrease in AChR antibody (Ab) titer (RR = 6.32; CP less than 0.0002), whereas the frequency of HLA-DRw8 antigen was increased in MG patients who underwent immunosuppressive therapy (RR = 4.03; CP less than 0.01), who did not have remission (RR = 4.75; CP less than 0.1) or who showed an increase in AChR Ab titer (RR = 6.48; CP less than 0.01). These data suggest that immunogenetic heterogeneity in MG might be reflected in its clinical course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Experimental diabetes and the lung. I. Changes in growth, morphometry, and biochemistry.

Diabetes induced by streptozotocin at 3 wk of age in rats resulted in diminished somatic growth by 7 wk of age. Specific lung volume and weight (volume or weight per 100 gram body weight) were increased. The amount of lung DNA was decreased, and collagen and elastin were increased. The volume proportion of alveolar walls was increased at the expense of alveolar air. Air spaces were diminished in size, and alveoli increased in number. Total phospholipids and disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were decreased, but they were normal relative to alveolar surface area. These changes reverted towards normal as a result of insulin treatment. Rats matched in weight (undernourished animals) for the diabetic animals showed relative preservation of lung weight, increased DNA, and reduced nonconnective tissue protein, RNA, collagen, and elastin. Air spaces were enlarged, alveolar surface area was decreased, and alveoli were decreased in number. Total phospholipids and DSPC were decreased, but normal when expressed per alveolar surface area. We conclude that diabetes and undernourishment have different effects on connective tissue synthesis in the lung that affect lung growth and structure, providing further evidence for the "fishnet" hypothesis of alveolar growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical studies on sultamicillin fine granule in pediatric field].

Pharmacokinetics, safety and effects on bacterial infection of sultamicillin (SBTPC) fine granule were evaluated in 17 children. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Pharmacokinetics in 3 children receiving a single dose of 10 mg per kg body weight were evaluated. The half-life of ampicillin (ABPC) was 1.38 +/- 0.14 hours and that of sulbactam was 0.93 +/- 0.26 hour. 2. Fourteen cases, including 7 tonsillitis, 2 pharyngitis, 2 bronchitis, and 1 each of cystitis, scarlet fever and cellulitis were treated with SBTPC fine granule. The clinical efficacy rate was 100%. 3. Bacteriological efficacies classified by causative organisms were evaluated in 5 children. Staphylococcus aureus was responsible in 3 cases, Streptococcus pyogenes in 1 case, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in 1 case. Eradication rate was 100%. SBTPC was more active than ABPC against ABPC-resistant strains and almost equal to or more active than cephalexin or cefaclor. 4. The only abnormal laboratory test value observed was eosinophilia in 2 children. No side effects were recorded. From the above results it is concluded that SBTPC fine granule is one of first choices of effective, useful and safe antibiotics for the treatment of infections in pediatric field.

Age Factors↗