Biomedical subjects

J Xu

Publications and source records attributed to J Xu.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

[Effects of extremely low frequency weak magnetic fields on the intracellular free calcium concentration in PC-12 tumor cells].

In this study the effects of the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of rat chromaffinoma PC-12 cells were examined by using a digital fluorescence image microscopy system. A 50 Hz, 100 microT sinusoidal ELF magnetic field increased [Ca2+]i to a marked level, whereas a static field or a field of higher frequency (2000 Hz) did not cause a [Ca2+]i increase. The magnetic field-induced [Ca2+]i rise was partly due to an influx of extracellular Ca2+ and partly due to the release of intracellular Ca2+ pool. It seemed likely that the Ca2+ transport ability of the cell membranes was increased by the 50 Hz magnetic field.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Survival of patients with blood-borne AIDS in Italy.

BACKGROUND: AIDS represents an important public health problem in Italy. Long-term health care policy planning requires knowledge about the variability of the risk of mortality. The AIDS Surveillance Registry (RAIDS), maintained by the AIDS Operational Centre (COA) of the National Health Institute of Italy, provides valuable information to study the determinants of survival after diagnosis with AIDS. This study aimed to estimate the trends among people infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through blood-related products. METHODS: Study subjects were 595 persons with AIDS whose sole ascertained risk factors were either blood transfusions or plasma-concentrate infusions, diagnosed from the beginning of the epidemic in 1985 through June 1995 and reported to RAIDS by the end of June 1996. The Kaplan-Meier technique was used to estimate the survival distribution; log-rank and Wilcoxon tests were both performed to assess the effects of demographic and clinical factors. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify those factors independently and significantly associated with death: model building and fitting were performed in a stepwise fashion, by using the score and martingale residuals, based on a new class of graphical and numerical methods developed recently for checking the assumptions underlying the model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In Italy the median survival time for AIDS patients infected by contaminated blood, was estimated to be 12.7 months. In univariate analyses it was found that women, younger patients (age < 35) and those diagnosed more recently with a higher value of CD4 cell counts (>37 cells m(-3)) have better survival. Patients diagnosed with AIDS-associated neurological disease (neuro-AIDS), or lymphoma, had a median survival significantly shorter. Patients diagnosed in the south of Italy tend to have a survival time shorter than patients diagnosed in the north. In a multivariate time-dependent regression analysis, only type of AIDS indicator disease, age and calendar time of diagnosis proved to be significant prognostic factors. It was not possible to estimate the effect of risk category (haemophiliacs versus transfused) due to the lack of proportionality in the estimated hazard. In conclusion, survival time is found to improve over time, indicating a likely positive effect of better care in treating HIV and AIDS patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Age difference in the metabolism of p-bromophenylacetylurea in the rat: an implication for age-related susceptibility to its neurotoxicity.

p-Bromophenylacetylurea (BPAU)-induced delayed neuropathy showed an age-dependent susceptibility in rats. This study investigated the difference in BPAU metabolism in rats of two different ages to explore the metabolic aspect in age-dependent susceptibility to BPAU-induced neurotoxicity. Either 6-week or 1-year old F344 male rats (n = 4) were given a single oral dose of 150 mg/kg BPAU. BPAU and its metabolites, N'-hydroxy-p-bromophenylacetylurea (HBPAU) and 4-(4-bromophenyl)-3-oxapyrrolidine-2,5-dione (BPOPD), in serum, liver, brain and spinal cord were determined by HPLC 18 hr after dosing. The results showed that the levels of BPAU and HBPAU in the tissues of 1-year old rats were generally higher than those in the corresponding tissues of 6-week old rats. The levels of both BPAU and HBPAU in the spinal cord of the 1-year old rats were higher than those of the 6-week old rats (p < 0.05). In the serum, the concentration of BPOPD in the 6-week old rats was higher than that in the 1-year old rats (p < 0.01), whereas the HBPAU levels in the serum of 6-week old rats was significantly lower than that in the 1-year old rats (p < 0.05). Thus the 6-week old rats metabolized BPAU more efficiently by producing more BPOPD, a detoxified metabolite, and less HBPAU, a suspected toxic metabolite, than the 1-year old rats. This suggests that the same dosage of BPAU may produce less severe initial lesions in young animals than in adults, and hence young animals exhibit more resistance to BPAU-induced neurotoxicity than adult rats. Therefore, metabolic differences between young and adult rats may be responsible for their age-related susceptibility to BPAU-induced neurotoxicity.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Cryptorchidism induces mouse testicular germ cell apoptosis and changes in bcl-2 and bax protein expression.

Up to half of the germ cells die during their development. The mechanism involved in their death is still unclear. We investigated the possibility that the testicular germ cell loss may be due to a change in the testicular temperature and apoptosis through the interplay of bcl-2 and bax proteins. To investigate the effect of temperature on apoptosis and the role of bcl-2 and bax proteins in apoptosis in adult mouse testis, we used the experimental unilateral cryptorchidism model. We found that the weight of the affected testis decreases in 6 to 15 days after operation (p < 0.05). H&E staining showed vacuolization of the seminiferous epithelium and the appearance of multinucleated giant cells with loss of germ cells. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling method (TUNEL) showed positive staining germ cells scattered in normal testicles that increased significantly 6 to 15 days after experimental cryptorchidism (p < 0.05). Positive cells were mainly primary spermatocytes and round spermatids. DNA ladder was seen in 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis in 6 to 15 days-operated testicles. Biotin-avidin DCS system indirect immunofluorescence technique indicated that the bcl-2 protein was chiefly distributed in the cytoplasm of germ cells in normal testicles, whereas the bax protein was chiefly expressed in the cytoplasm of germ cells in 6 to 15 days-operated testicles. Western blot analysis showed that the bcl-2 protein down-regulated and the bax protein up-regulated apoptosis. Our data indicated that cryptorchidism-induced testicular cell degeneration was mediated by apoptosis probably as the result of increased temperature in the testicle; bcl-2 and bax proteins played important roles in male germ cell apoptosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Respiratory symptoms and use of medical care associated with child day care and health care plan among preschool children.

This study compared the risk of respiratory infections in pre-school children (under 6-year-old) attending day care center and those taken care of at home by controlling for the type of health plan and sociodemographic characteristics. The study population consists of members of two health plans residing in two South Carolina counties. Results show that the risks of respiratory symptoms were higher among children attending day care settings than those taken care of at homes although this relationship is more apparent among Medicaid children than among HMO children. While the type of child care has weak influence on medical care utilization, the type of health plan exerts strong influence on utilization for both day care and home care groups.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2000

DNA analysis of a pedigree with myotonic dystrophy in Songjiang county, Shanghai.

OBJECTIVE: To make the molecular analysis of a pedigree with myotonic dystrophy (DM) in Songjiang county, Shanghai, and to observe the connection between CTG repeat number and clinical features. METHODS: In twenty-three individuals of a pedigree with DM, CTG trinucleotide repeat numbers located in the 3' untranslated region of a protein kinase gene (MTPK) on chromosome 19q13.2-3 were analyzed by using Long Expand TM Template PCR system. RESULTS: Four of eight clinical patients had expanded DM allele, the other four had no expanded CTG copies. Seven of eight suspicious DM cases had expanded CTG repeat numbers and were therefore genetically diagnosed as DM, and an asymptomatic individual was diagnosed as a doubted DM patient by DNA analysis. High risk of DM in six of seven individuals was ruled out, and a clinical doubted DM individual was ascertained a normal person by molecular analysis. A positive correlation was found beween early onset and expanded CTG repeat number in six parents (or grandparents)/child pairs, but in the pair II 2 /IV 7 CTG repeat numbers were reduced from 3100 in the grandmother to 175 in her grandson and there was no anticipation phenomenon. CONCLUSION: The measurement of CTG repeat number can help to ascertain the diagnosis of DM in clinical and preclinical patients, but some clinically- diagnosed DM patients might have normal CTG repeat numbers. Anticipation phenomena were common in the pedigree.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Molecular typing of pathogenic fungi.

In this Round Table, the application of several methods of molecular typing were discussed in reference to four important pathogenic fungi: Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Among the different methods the following were discussed: restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), single nucleotide polymorphisms, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP and microsatellites. By means of these methods, several important biological questions related to speciation, mode of reproduction and population genetics could be approached. The basic information obtained from this approach has implications in the understanding of these pathogenic fungi in relation to their behavior and the development of pathogenic features, such as resistance to antimicrobials and virulence factors used for colonization of mammalian hosts. The knowledge obtained from these studies could also be used for the development of innovative diagnostic methods, as well as for novel therapeutic approaches and production of vaccines.

Genetic Techniques↗

PubMed2000

[Photodynamic inactivation of model virus in human plasma by methylene blue and its influence on plasma proteins].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether photochemical method can inactivate viruses in human plasma efficiently, and to what extent it affects the protein in human plasma. METHODS: Vascular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana strain was used as the indicating virus. It was inoculated on Vero cell monolayer, incubated in 37 degrees C for 24 hours, microtitered by cytopathogenic effect. Small amount experiments were carried out to observe virus inactivation and the influence on plasma proteins. RESULTS: Methylene blue (MB) in combination with visible light can inactivate the model virus in human plasma efficiently. The dye in very low concentration combined with light was sufficient to achieve a reduction of VSV titer of more than 6 log10 TCID50. Compared with the untreated plasma, neither the activities of blood clotting factors nor the immunological properties of the plasma proteins and the blood albumin were reduced significantly. In this experiment, the dose of MB used for photoinactivation of the virus was very low, about a hundred fold lower than that of methemoglobinemia used in clinical treatment. Furthermore, heat of the light and photochemical reaction are two import factors for decreasing of clotting factor's activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this preliminary study suggest the potential application of MB-photodynamic inactivation of plasma virus is an useful approach in clinical practice.

Blood Proteins↗

PubMed2000

[Influence of plant species diversity on productivity of sandy grassland in Kerqin Region].

The relationship between species diversity indices and sandy grassland productivity was studied in Kerqin sandy land, and the results showed that the relations could be divided in to two categories based on the indices and productivity. The first type includes function and composition diversities, their maximal biomass varied form 299 to 336 g.m-2, and had a simple linear relation with the productivity. Their correlation coefficient was remarkably significant. The species richness and Shannon-Wiener indices attribute to second type, their maximal biomass varied from 426 to 433 g.m-2, and had a complex parabola relations with the productivity. Their correlation coefficient was also significant. Meanwhile, the grey correlation analysis showed that the species composition diversity index was the most important factor that influences productivity. According to the grey correlation degree, the order of the different indices affecting productivity was: composition diversity(0.74), function diversity (0.72), species richness (0.66) and Shannon-Wiener index (0.14). It is suggested that increasing plant species richness (species introduction) and consequent composition diversity could be the practices of improving the degraded grassland in Kerqin.

Biomass↗

PubMed2000

Establishment and pathological study of models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by SO2 inhalation method.

OBJECTIVE: To establish rat models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and study the pathological characteristics of airflow obstruction. METHOD: SO2 inhalation method was used to establish rat models. After exposure to SO2 for 7 weeks, peak expiratory flow (PEF), peak inspiratory flow (PIF), intratracheal pressure (IP) and IP slope in rat were measured by Maclab data recording and analysis system. Experimental rats with PEF less than 80% of the mean of the normal rats were classified as airflow obstructed, while those with PEF greater than 80% of mean of normal rats were non-obstructed. Pathological changes in airway and lung tissue were compared between these two groups. RESULT: In experimental animals, PEF was significantly decreased (P < 0.005) and IP slope increased (P < 0.001) as compared with normal rats. Epithelial damage, goblet cell hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in cartilaginous bronchi were more remarkable in experimental rats with airflow obstruction than those without airflow obstruction (P < 0.001, < 0.01, < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, pathological changes in airway lumen, epithelium and airway wall in membranous and respiratory bronchioles were more marked in experimental rats with airflow obstruction than those without airflow obstruction (P < 0.001 or P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between PEF values and epithelial hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, smooth muscle hyperplasia and mucous plug in membranous and respiratory bronchioles (P < 0.001 or P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SO2 inhalation may cause chronic bronchitis with airflow obstruction, i.e. COPD in rats. COPD was induced in 64% (16 of 25) of the experimental group rats.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2000

Retrospect on the research of the cultivation of Gastrodia elata Bl, a rare traditional Chinese medicine.

PURPOSE: To review the research on the cultivation of Gastrodia elata Bl, a rare traditional Chinese medicine. DATA SOURCES: The data come from our previous research and published review articles on G. elata cultivation. STUDY SELECTION: After reviewing the research results on G. elata from 1960 to 1995, we selected the core research on G. elata and a complete cultivation technique of rare traditional Chinese medicine G. elata. DATA EXTRACTION: Some important data were arranged in different tables, and new cultivation methods were reviewed. RESULTS: A. mellea has been found to have inhibiting effects on G. elata seed germination. The seeds are able to sprout only when a nutritional relationship exists between G. elata and a fungus of the same genus as M. osmundicola. The sprouted tubers have to set up a symbiotic relationship with A. mellea during their clone propagation period so as to grow normally. CONCLUSIONS: G. elata has to symbiosize with M. osmundicola and A. mellea so as to complete its life cycle from seed to seed. These findings have revealed the secret of the life cycle of G. elata that has been puzzling biological circles for years.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗

PubMed2000

CT virtual bronchoscopy: imaging method and clinical application.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the imaging method and clinical application of CT virtual bronchoscopy (CTVB). METHODS: Fifty-two patients with bronchial and pulmonary diseases were studied with CTVB. All patients underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy and patients with lung cancers were confirmed pathologically. Lung cancer of center type was found in 46 patients, postoperative lung cancer in 4, tracheal adenoidcystic carcinoma in 1, and bronchial diverticulum in 1. CTVB was performed using Navigator Smooth software on the workstation (Advantage Windows 3.1, GE Medical Systems). Source images included slice thickness of 3 mm or 5 mm, pitch of 1.0 or 1.5, 1.0 mm or 2.0 mm interval (overlap more than 60%) reconstruction. RESULTS: CTVB could reveal vividly the tracheobronchial lumens, the cartilage rings, the carina and the left and right main bronchi, down to the fourth order of bronchial orifices, mimicing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Among 46 patients with lung cancers of center type, fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed the masses in 45 patients and CTVB displayed the masses in 42. The sensitivity of CTVB was 93.3% and its accuracy was 93.5% (chi 2 = 1.33, 0.10 < P < 0.25). The tumors appeared as masses or nodules, causing bronchial stenosis (n = 35) or occlusion (n = 7). The bronchial rings near the masses were blurred, smooth or absent in contrast to the findings of fiberoptic endoscopy. Postoperative bronchial stump (n = 4) appeared to be smooth. Bronchial diverticulum exhibited a local concavity on CTVB and local protrusion on surface shadow display (SSD). CTVB could pass through the stenotic bronchi and detect the occlusive bronchi from the distal end. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of CTVB in detecting bronchial masses was higher than that of fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Combined with multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and CTVB can demonstrate the extraluminal extension of tumors. As a noninvasive examining method, however, CTVB is limited to observe mucosal abnormalities and to obtain histologic samples.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Proinflammatory cytokine stimulated NF-kappa B activation and the effect of dexamethasone in the human airway epithelial cells].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of NF-kappa B activation and the effect of dexamethasone on the NF-kappa B activity in the human airway epithelial cell line 16HBE after TNF-alpha stimulation. METHODS: After 16HBE was treated with different concentration of TNF-alpha(10 U/ml, 100 U/ml, 1,000 U/ml) and dexamethasone (100 nmol/L), total RNA and cellular, nuclear protein were extracted at 1 hour, 2 hour, 4 hour, respectively. RT-PCR and electrophoresis mobility shift assay(EMSA) were used to detect the expression of IL-8 mRNA and NF-kappa B activation. RESULTS: The activity of NF-kappa B activation became stronger at 1 hour in the TNF-alpha stimulated group than the control, peaked at 2 hours and then decreased at 4 hours. Supershift assay confirmed that both p50 and p65 were components of active NF-kappa B. At the same time, IL-8 mRNA expression was elevated at 4 hours. After dexamethasone treatment, the expression of NF-kappa B activation and IL-8 mRNA became lower. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that activated NF-kappa B played a key role in the inflammatory process of respiratory diseases through regulating the expression of some important factors (cytokines). Glucocorticoid inhibited the activation of NF-kappa B and showed antiinflammatory effect.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed2000

[NF-kappa B activation and the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone in experimental asthmatic guinea pigs].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of NF-kappa B in pathogenesis of asthma. METHODS: Electrophoresis mobility shift assay and supershift assay were used to analyze the expression of NF-kappa B activation and its components. RESULTS: Nuclear extracts prepared from the thoracic blood mononuclear cells and the whole lung tissue, respectively in OVA-sensitized and challenged guinea pigs, both displayed stronger DNA-binding activity at 2 h timepoint (244.1 +/- 2.4; 176.0 +/- 4.0) comparing to the control (167.0 +/- 4.6; 67.3 +/- 2.5), and the activity peaked at 6 h timepoint (294.7 +/- 3.2; 282.3 +/- 6.8) and continued till 12 h timepoint (200.9 +/- 1.2; 110.8 +/- 1.0). The activated NF-kappa B contained p50. Dexamethasone suppressed the NF-kappa B activation (235.4 +/- 3.3; 104.6 +/- 8.4) in the nuclear extracts of the Blood mononuclear cells and the lung tissue, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This result showed that NF-kappa B were possibly through transcriptionally regulating the expression of many important inflammatory proteins. The dexamethasone could inhibit the activation of NF-kappa B in the allergic model, possibly through which the antiinflammatory action was exerted.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Expression of GM-CSE mRNA in asthmatic patients].

OBJECTIVE: To explore non-invasive and specific markers for airway inflammation. METHODS: RT-PCR methods were used to measure GM-CSF mRNA expression in airway mucosa and induced sputum from asthmatic patients. The correlation was analyzed between expression of GM-CSF mRNA and eosinophils or other inflammatory cells. RESULTS: (1) The numbers of eosinophils and EG2 positive cells were (17.9 +/- 7.0) x 10(2) per mm2, and (8.9 +/- 3.0) x 10(2) per mm2 in the asthmatic group, significantly higher than those in the non-asthmatic control which were (1.9 +/- 1.0) x 10(2) per mm2, and (0.8 +/- 0.2) x 10(2) per mm2, respectively (P < 0.05). (2) The expression of GM-CSF mRNA was (1.4 +/- 0.6) in the asthmatic group, significantly higher than that in the control group (0.3 +/- 0.3) (P < 0.05), and GM-CSF mRNA expression was correlated with the numbers of EG2 positive cell (r = 0.73 and P < 0.05). (3) The percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum from asthmatic patients was (0.334 +/- 0.067), which was significantly higher than that from chronic bronchitis and control (0.021 +/- 0.004), (0.008 +/- 0.003) (P < 0.05). (4) The expression of GM-CSF mRNA in asthmatics was (0.320 +/- 0.054), significantly higher than that in chronic bronchitis and the control group (0.188 +/- 0.024 and 0.058 +/- 0.028) (P < 0.05). The expression of GM-CSF mRNA in patients with chronic bronchitis was also significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of GM-CSF mRNA in induced sputum may be a relatively specific marker for airway inflammation.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[A preliminary report of cleft palate repair by rotation and advancement of full thickness soft palate].

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new method of functional cleft palate repair. METHODS: Square flap A and triangular flaps B, C, D were designed on the each sides of defect at soft palate. They were advanced and rotated, each flap was inserted to the opposite side and then sutured. The lavator veli (LV) muscle was detached and sutured to reconstruct the steady LV muscle sling. RESULTS: This method was applied in 37 cases with satisfactory results of extending the soft palate, forming the dynamic soft palate muscular sling, and achieving velopharyngeal closure (VPC) 31 cases were flowed-up for half year to 2 years, the effects of operation are stable. CONCLUSIONS: This method not only close the cleft but also restore the soft palate's function of elevating and pushing back to achieve the ideal VPC.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[An experimental study of tooth mesial migration].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of tooth mesial migration with animal experiment. METHODS: The upper and lower first molars of Wuzhishan miniature pigs were used as experimental teeth. The mesial migration of experimental teeth was calculated and analysed by measuring the models. Fluorescent mark was used and analysed by injecting tetracycline and xvlenol orange, and histological changes were analyzed. RESULTS: The lower teeth migrate mesially 0.14 mm and 1.21 mm during 16 weeks, and the upper teeth migrate mesially 1.36 mm and 2.08 mm during 24 weeks. The distal alveolar bones of experimental teeth had fluorescent bands; alveolar bones of teeth without antagonist teeth reconstructed in vertical direction; the distance between fluorescent bands of lower experimental teeth without antagonist teeth was wider than that of teeth with antagonist teeth. The fluorescent bands formed in both mesial and distal cementum. CONCLUSION: The results don't support the point that transseptal fibre or force of molar eruption makes teeth migrate mesially; the mesial migration of teeth is related with the reconstruction of alveolar bones and the stress distribution in the bones.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[The study of tarnish induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype b (Aay4) on titanium and Ti-75 alloys].

OBJECTIVE: To study the tarnish induced by Aay4 on titanium and Ti-75 alloys. METHODS: Pure titanium and Ti-75 alloys were machined into size of 10 mm x 10 mm x 1 mm in tablets(30 of pure titanium; 60 of Ti-75 alloys). Thirty specimens sampled randomly from Ti-75 alloy together with 30 specimens of titanium were subjected to chemical passivation treatment. 30 specimens of the pure titanium, depassivation Ti-75 alloy and passivation Ti-75 alloy were randomly divided into three groups (blank control group, media control group and inoculated media group) respectively, every group contains 10 specimens. Under the anaerobic conditions, the surfaces of the modified GAM media were inoculated with Aay4. The labeled specimens surfaces were then aseptically placed on top of the media surface for 10 weeks with one generation time per week. The specimens were removed after 10 weeks of incubation, immersed in 0.05% glutaradehyde solution to eliminate Aay4, rinsed with distilled water. After 2 weeks, the specimens were removed and observed visually or examined by MINOLTA CR-100 color apparatus. RESULTS: Visual evaluation: Aay4 caused significant tarnish on specimens exposed to inoculated media, all the specimens surface changed into yellow color. Color apparatus evaluation: this result showed that comparing with the blank control, media control has no influence on all the specimens L*a*b* values (P > 0.05). Aay4 caused significant tarnish on specimens exposed to inoculated media, the result showed that there was significant difference between media control group and blank control group with inoculated media group on all the specimens L*a*b* values (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Aay4 caused significant tarnish on pure titanium, depassivation Ti-75 alloys and passivation Ti-75 alloys by naked eyes and color apparatus, according CIE1976L*a*b* color system reading, the color of titanium and Ti-75 alloys changed from the yellow-green ranges to red-yellow ranges.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗