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Biomedical subjects

J Wallace

Publications and source records attributed to J Wallace.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Reduction of airborne allergenic urinary proteins from laboratory rats.

Allergy and asthma caused by proteins of laboratory animals, particularly rats and mice, are the most important occupational health hazards for the scientists and technicians who work with such animals. The influence of different cage litters, cage design, and stock density on measured rat urinary aeroallergen (RUA) concentrations has been examined in a room housing male rats, to determine practical means to reduce allergen concentration in animal laboratories. Eight hour static air samples were taken at 2 1/min and the RUA concentrations measured by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition. High RUA concentrations occurred when the animals were housed on wood based, contact litter (geometric mean (GM) sawdust 7.79 micrograms/m3; woodchip 6.16 micrograms/m3). The use of noncontact absorbent pads was associated with a significant decrease in RUA concentrations (GM 2.47 micrograms/m3; p less than 0.0001). Rat urinary aeroallergen concentrations fell more than fourfold when the animals were housed on woodbased, contact litter in filter top cages rather than conventional open top cages (GM filter top 0.33 micrograms/m3; open top 1.43 micrograms/m3; p less than 0.0001). The number of rats (stock density) strongly influenced the RUA concentration and a linear relation was found between the log(e) allergen concentration and stock density under these study conditions. The measurement of airborne particle size on cleaning out days showed that all litter types generated similar sized particles: more than 80% of the RUA was carried on particles larger than 8 microns in diameter for all litter types. The findings suggest that the exposure of animal husbandry personnel to RUA may be substantially reduced by the avoidance of contact litter, the use of filter top cages (where suitable), and by keeping stock density to a minimum.

Air↗
PubMed1992

Indomethacin-induced leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules: role of lipoxygenase products.

Although the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying indomethacin-induced mucosal injury remain undefined, the results from recent studies suggest that leukocyte adherence in gastric microvessels may be an important component of this injury process. The objective of this study was to determine whether clinically relevant plasma concentrations of indomethacin promote leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions in postcapillary venules. Erythrocyte velocity, vessel diameter, leukocyte rolling velocity, and the number of adherent (stationary for greater than or equal to 30 s) and emigrated leukocytes were measured in rat mesenteric venules. Repeat measurements of all parameters were obtained within 20 min after addition of either 2.5 or 25 micrograms/ml indomethacin to the mesenteric superfusate. In some experiments, rats were pretreated with either a leukotriene (LT) synthesis inhibitor (L 663,536), an LTD4 (MK-571) or LTB4 (SC 41930) receptor antagonist, misoprostol, or prostacyclin (PGI2). Indomethacin alone increased the number of adherent leukocytes, reduced both leukocyte rolling velocity and venular shear rate, but did not promote leukocyte emigration. L 663,536 and SC 41930 prevented all of the adhesive and hemodynamic alterations induced by indomethacin; misoprostol and PGI2, but not MK-571, exerted similar beneficial effects. These results indicate that indomethacin promotes leukocyte adherence in postcapillary venules through an LTB4-dependent mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A modified anaesthetic induction chamber for rats.

The anaesthetic induction chamber for rats described in this paper has been designed for use in conjunction with a controlled delivery of halothane/O2 mixture and an anaesthetic scavenger system. Using this system rapid induction of anaesthesia is achieved using low levels of anaesthetic vapour without risk to the operator.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1992

Effects of the nursing Mutual Participation Model of Care on parental stress in the pediatric intensive care unit--a replication.

The pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) hospitalization of a child is stressful for parents. Helping parents to decrease their stress is warranted so that they can function in a vital role that is therapeutic to them and their critically ill child. Although many interventions have been recommended to help parents decrease their stress, only the Nursing Mutual Participation Model of Care (NMPMC) has been tested in the clinical setting. This article reports a study that expands on Curley's original work by investigating the effects of the NMPMC on parental stress when implemented by PICU staff nurses. Fifty-six parents participated in the study, which used a quasi-experimental design. Sequential sampling placed the first 31 subjects into the control group and the next 25 subjects in the experimental group. The experimental group received care from staff nurses instructed in the NMPMC. The dependent measure was the Parental Stressor Scale:Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS:PICU) administered within 24 to 48 hours of PICU admission, every 48 hours thereafter, and 24 hours after PICU discharge. The results indicated that parents in the experimental group perceived less stress than the control group, specifically the stress related to alterations in parental role in the PICU setting. Implications for nursing care are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic sequences and distinct changes in CD8+ lymphocytes precede detectable levels of HIV-1 antibodies in high-risk homosexuals.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified regions of the gag, LTR, and env genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 5 (13%) of 38 high-risk homosexual men who were negative for HIV-1 antibodies by Western blot (WB). Significant increases in CD8+ cells, particularly those bearing activation CD8+CD38+ and CD8+Ia+ antigens, and marked reductions in CD4+ cells were detected in WB-PCR+ subjects compared with 33 WB-PCR- homosexuals. WB-PCR+ subjects had impaired B cell but not T cell functions. Immunologic characteristics of WB-PCR+ homosexuals were indistinguishable from those of 17 WB+PCR+ subjects. Subjects progressing from WB-PCR- to WB-PCR+ to WB+PCR+ showed sequential phenotypic and functional alterations in their B and T cell compartments. These changes and the presence of HIV-1 genomic sequences were the first indications of HIV-1 infection and together with p24 antigenemia signified an inevitable progression to AIDS.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Intrapleural tetracycline for spontaneous pneumothorax in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Spontaneous pneumothorax is occurring in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii infection with increasing frequency. These patients are typically poor surgical candidates. Conservative management using tetracycline sclerosis was performed with good results in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and recurrent pneumothorax.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Gabapentin.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acetates↗
PubMed1990

Diet composition, energy intake, and exercise in relation to body fat in men and women.

This study examined the relationships among body fat, diet composition, energy intake, and exercise in adults. Male (n = 107) and female (n = 109) adults aged 18-71 y (36.6 +/- 1.0 y, means +/- SEM) were hydrostatically weighed to determine body fat (5.7-49.0% of total weight). Diet and exercise behaviors were determined by use of a questionnaire. As body fat increased, percent of energy intake derived from fat increased (p less than 0.001) whereas the percent from carbohydrate decreased (p less than 0.001). There was no relationship between energy intake and adiposity although leanness and exercise were related (p less than 0.001). When subgroups of lean and obese subjects were compared, the lean subjects derived approximately 29% of their energy from fat and 53% from carbohydrate vs 35% and 46%, respectively, for the obese subjects. No differences were found between groups for energy intake but the lean individuals exercised more often than did the obese individuals. These data suggest that diet composition may play as important a role in fat deposition as do energy intake and lack of exercise.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

The new disease model of alcoholism.

The new biopsychosocial disease model of alcoholism is examined from the perspective of recent biologic research. Studies of animal and human genetic predispositions suggest the presence of genetic influences over drinking behavior as well as biologic risk factors related to deficiencies in various neurochemicals. Ethanol affects the fluidity of cell membrane lipids, eventually causing membrane dysfunction. It also adversely affects the activity of two enzymes, monoamine oxidase and adenylate cyclase, that have important functions in the information processing system of the brain. Research on condensation products formed in the brain after alcohol consumption has provided clues to the development of alcoholism, but many questions remain unanswered. Alcoholism is clearly a multidimensional phenomenon in which biologic, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact to produce illness.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1988

The 5' flanking region of the human pS2 gene mediates its transcriptional activation by estrogen in MCF-7 cells.

The pS2 gene is transcriptionally induced by oestrogen in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. We demonstrate here that the 5' flanking sequences (-3000 to +10 bp) of the pS2 gene possess the properties of an oestrogen-inducible promoter. Interestingly, this oestrogen induction could not be demonstrated in transient transfection assays in MCF-7 cells, but only in stably transformed MCF-7 cells, which suggests that some factors responsible for oestrogen induction may be present in limiting amounts in these cells and absent in HeLa cells.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Polydioxanone (PDS): a new material for internal suspension and fixation.

The use of the resorbable material Polydioxanone (PDS) as an alternative to stainless steel wire in the suspension and fixation of facial fractures and osteotomies is described. Evidence of the material's persistent strength in use is presented with a discussion of its advantages over stainless steel.

Bone Wires↗
PubMed1988

The relevance to clinical care of recent research in neurobiology.

Progress continues to be made in clarifying neurobiological factors in alcoholism and other chemical dependencies. Research in animal behavioral genetics and human genetics has revealed substantial genetic predispositions for some cases of alcoholism. Studies of neurotransmitters suggest that some alcoholics may have antecedent deficiencies in one or more important neurochemical systems. Cocaine dependence is considered to be related to biphasic change in dopaminergic neurons and receptor systems. Condensation products such as salsolinol, tetrahydropapaveroline, and beta carbolines can alter alcoholic preference and motivate heavy ethanol consumption in animals. However, hypothesized theoretical mechanisms underlying such increased drinking with infusions of condensation products are unclear and may require revision. New pharmacological treatments stemming from advances in neurobiological research have been applied successfully to treatment of withdrawal states, but none have been demonstrated to be appropriate for long-term maintenance of abstinence.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1988

Six-month treatment outcomes in socially stable alcoholics: abstinence rates.

A randomly selected sample of 181 socially stable patients were followed for a period of six months after leaving alcoholism treatment. Collateral verification of drinking status was used to validate patient self-reports. A follow-up rate of 94% was achieved. For all patients, a continuous abstention rate (no drinking at all for the entire six-month period) of 61% was achieved, while 72% of the located patients were currently abstinent at the time of followup. For alcoholics with no other drug problems, a 66% continuous abstention rate was achieved, and 77% were currently abstinent at followup. These results suggest that alcoholism treatment can be effective for samples of socially stable alcoholics treated with multimodal treatments in a specialized, freestanding, alcoholism treatment facility.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Benefits, complications, and care of implantable infusion devices in 31 children with cancer.

This retrospective study of 31 pediatric oncology patients with subcutaneously implanted infusion devices details the required care and demonstrates the benefits and complications of the system. The Port-a-cath device was used in 29 patients; one had an Infuse-a-port, and two had Mediports. Ages of the patients ranged from 5 months to 16 years. The average time of catheter function was more than 163 +/- 149 days and the total experience was 5,208 patient catheter days. In all, five catheters were removed, one for suspected and one for proven infection, two with extravasations, and one patient had spontaneous extrusion and thrombosis. These totally implanted devices allowed safe administration of blood products, antibiotics, short-term hyperalimentation, and sclerosing chemotherapeutic agents to pediatric oncology patients with previously compromised venous access.

Bacterial Infections↗