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Biomedical subjects

J W Graham

Publications and source records attributed to J W Graham.

70 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Factors influencing the choice of practice location for recent dental graduates.

A survey of factors that influenced the selection of practice location was carried out among 1971 dental school graduates. The decision process involved in this selection is a complex phenomenon that involves many personal and community value judgments. The two most important stated reasons appear to be geographic preference and recreational and cultural advantages. As in previous surveys of this type, the place of rearing seems to exert a strong influence, although less than 25% of the respondents indicated this in their three choices of most influential factors. In point of fact, however, 47% of the respondents did locate their practice near their place of rearing. This is further reinforced by the place of rearing of their spouses, if they were married. The respondent's father's occupation had some influence, but this was less significant than the other factors. Choice of specialty in all areas except dental public health, oral pathology, and orthodontics strongly influenced the respondent toward an urban practice. More rural dentists, as one would expect, were self-employed and without a partner.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1977

Continuing education in US dental schools, 1975-1976.

This report provides a rudimentary profile of continuing dental education in US dental schools for 1975--1976. Some schools offered programs in all aspects of dentistry, while others were only beginning to establish them. The number of courses, as well as the number of dentists participating, increased only slightly over last year. Perhaps this is an effect of the difficulties many schools have in financing their programs.

Education, Dental, Continuing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Applying multilevel analytic strategies in adolescent substance use prevention research.

BACKGROUND: School-based drug prevention programs have been criticized on methodologic grounds because the unit of analysis is often not the unit of randomization, thus increasing the likelihood of Type I errors. Application of multilevel analytic strategies appropriately corrects this biasing tendency. This study demonstrates the practical use of such analysis. METHODS: Data from 2,370 seventh-grade students participating in a substance use prevention trial were analyzed using a multilevel strategy. We examined the effectiveness of a social pressure resistance training and a normative education (NORM) intervention against an information-only control group. RESULTS: The NORM condition revealed 1-year program effects for cigarette and marijuana use with individuals as the unit of analysis and only marginal effects with classroom as the unit of analysis. No program effects were found using school as the analysis unit. A multilevel strategy revealed program effects for cigarettes and marijuana with both class and school as grouping levels. The effect for alcohol use was significant at the 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions establishing conservative drug use norms in classrooms may be an effective strategy in reducing substance use onset among adolescents. Utilization of appropriate analytic strategies is important in the analysis and interpretation of data containing nested structures.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A latent structure analysis of the positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Although previous studies have suggested the inadequacy of the two-factor models of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, confirmatory testing of the putative three-factor models is needed. Using a sample of 193 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, this study tested the relative goodness-of-fit of one-, two-, and three-factor models of the positive and negative symptoms. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the three-factor model of Addington et al., Arndt et al., and Liddle and Barnes that specifies positive, negative, and disorganized factors had the best fit with the data. Allowing the factors to co-vary and specifying dimensionality to the negative symptoms substantially improved the fit of the model. The study addressed several other issues. First, whereas the correlation between positive and negative symptoms was modest, the disorganized symptoms were significantly and more strongly related to both the positive and negative symptoms. Second, depression was not correlated with negative symptoms, but was significantly related to both the positive and disorganized symptoms. Third, the relationships between the three factors and levels of global, social, and work functioning in the sample supported the criterion-related validity of the three-factor model.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absence of otoconia in a human infant.

Temporal bone specimens were obtained at autopsy from a six-week-old victim of sudden infant death syndrome. The inner ears were microdissected and studied by a combination of light and scanning electron microscopy. Otoconia were completely absent from the sensory organs of the saccule and utricle on both sides. However, the gelatinous otoconial membranes, neuroepithelia, and innervation were normal. In parallel with unusually light pigmentation of the skin in this Negro infant, relatively few melanocytes were found in the membranous walls of the saccule and utricle. No abnormalities were present in other inner ear structures. This anomaly, which we believe was congenital in nature, is strikingly similar to a genetically determined inner ear defect which has been extensively studied in experimental animals.

Acoustic Maculae↗