D. Annex D: the system of protection in the context of prolonged exposure
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
J Valentin
Publications and source records attributed to J Valentin.
[From Hiroshima to Chernobyl. Increasing number of late fatal cases of cancer].
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Adult↗
Truth or consequence--Bo Lindell's contribution to radiation protection.
Bo Lindell, former chairman and emeritus member of ICRP, former chairman of UNSCEAR, former Director General and emeritus worker of the Swedish RAdiation Protection Institute, is a phenomenon. His profound influence on radiation protection, and indeed on environmental protection and risk research in general, includes a profuse flow of scientific publications on all aspects of protection of man against harmful effects of radiation. In this context, perhaps his most important efforts hitherto are those relating to nuclear power. The concept of dose commitment, invented by Bo Lindell, is used worldwide to regulate emissions of radioactive substances, taking into account not only the often trivial dose to immediate bystanders, but the global effect over long time-frames. In the long run, his continuing personal influence on radiation protection as a branch of science and a kind of role model for other types of environmental protection may attain an even greater importance.
Health Physics↗
Positive cervical smear with subsequent normal colposcopy and histology--frequency of CIN in a long-term follow-up.
From a total of 1466 new cases of cervical smears suggesting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or worse, all examined with colposcopy and biopsies, 328 cases (22.4%) were initially examined with vaginal and cervical colposcopy, directed biopsies of portio, and endocervical curettage (ECC) with normal results. Patients were followed-up with regular colposcopy and cervical smear for an average of 10.6 years (2-19 years). In 72 cases (22%) a CIN occurred, in general more than 1 year (mean 2.96 years) after entering the study. Possible explanations are discussed and careful monitoring of this group of patients is recommended.
Adolescent↗
Risk comparisons between limit values for ionizing radiation, PAH, and benzene in Sweden.
The background of regulatory limit values for carcinogenic agents in Sweden is discussed and exemplified with the ambient and occupational air pollutants benzene and PAH (especially benzo[a]pyrene, BaP), ionizing radiation, and radon. The estimated cancer risks at different limit values are compared, as is the estimated number of cancer cases annually due to existing pollutant levels. Although the individual lifetime cancer risks are much higher at the occupational limit values for benzene and BaP than what is recommended for the general public, the estimated number of cancer cases annually is lower at existing pollutant levels. The individual cancer risk at the occupational dose limit for ionizing radiation is comparable to the occupational cancer risk with BaP, but higher than the one for benzene. At the dose limit for the general public, the radiation risk would be higher than what is recommended for individual air pollutants. However, doses from man-made radiation are usually much lower than the dose limit due to optimization. Thus, the estimated number of cancer cases annually due to radiation is low and comparable to the estimated number due to the chemical air pollutants discussed. In contrast, the lung cancer risk with radon in dwellings both at limit values and existing levels is high and comparable to occupational limits for the chemical carcinogens and for radiation. The estimated number of cancer cases annually at existing radon concentrations (1100 cases) is much higher than for the other discussed pollutants (0.03-7 cases each) and also higher than the estimated number of lung cancer cases due to total air pollution (approximately 100 cases).
Benzene↗
Ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars and association with other tooth and developmental disturbances.
The associations between tooth and eruption disturbances in four groups of children selected primarily with only one diagnosed eruption or developmental disturbance in each group was analysed. Ninety-two children were primarily diagnosed with ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars, 93 children with infra-occlusion and ankylosis of primary molars, 91 children with ectopic eruption of maxillary canines, and 97 children with aplasia of premolars. Of the children studied 69-79 per cent had only a single one of the four disturbances studied. In 18-28 per cent there was one additional disturbance and in 2-3 per cent two additional disturbances. From chi square contingency tests, it was found that infra-occlusion of primary molars and aplasia of premolars exhibited a higher prevalence in both directions compared to the expected population prevalence. Ectopic eruption of maxillary canines showed a significantly higher prevalence than expected in all the other three groups. Our interpretation is that these results support the hypothesis of a common, presumably hereditary, aetiology. Thus, the four conditions studied would be different manifestations of one syndrome, each manifestation having an incomplete penetrance. With closer follow-up of the maxillary canines during the eruption period in children with some of the other three disturbances, prophylactic, or early interceptive measures may be taken and complicated orthodontic treatment be reduced or avoided.
Anodontia↗
Mass screening for breast cancer: benefits, risks, costs.
In general, mass screening for health is of doubtful value, but specific programmes like breast cancer screening could be beneficial. Breast cancer is the major cause of death in middle-aged women in many countries. Experience in Sweden shows that properly designed and performed mammography screening can reduce mortality by one-third, and lead to a better quality of life for treated cancer patients. However, if radiation causes damage proportional to the dose even at low doses, these benefits could be offset by radiogenic cancers in younger age groups (particularly under 40 yr of age). In Sweden, the direct cost of screening equals about 15 pounds sterling. Swedish authorities consider well designed screening justified. Optimization is necessary and involves design, technique, staff competence and organization. An optimized program should save one life in 100 in the screened cohort, while perhaps one life in 10,000 might be lost due to radiogenic cancers (with conventional radiation risk assumptions).
Breast Neoplasms↗
An etiologic study of maxillonasal dysplasia--Binder's syndrome.
As the etiology of maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome) is unclear, an attempt has been made in this study to check the presence of hereditary factors. Pedigrees have been established for 50 patients with the syndrome who had actively requested orthodontic treatment and/or plastic surgery and for whom hereditary connections had been found in 36%. In some of the subjects the propositi volunteered further family data, which were included in the study. The total number thereby became 60 families. The results did not disprove the possibility of a genetic etiology although the suspicion of an autosomal recessive inheritance may not be the full explanation for the syndrome. If the syndrome is in fact of a genetic origin, one possibility is that the syndrome is indeed inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. In that case, the hypothesis of an incomplete penetrance must be added. Another possibility is that the syndrome is a threshold character with a genetically multifactorial background. Since no frequency counts among populations are available, further studies are required to collect families with maxillonasal dysplasia and to obtain population frequency data for the syndrome.
Adolescent↗
Penile cancer: is there an epidemiological role for smoking and sexual behaviour?
A retrospective study was carried out to determine whether penile cancer, like cervical cancer, was associated with smoking and sexual behaviour. Altogether 244 men with penile cancer and 232 matched controls completed a questionnaire by post or telephone. Data on marital state, socioeconomic group, occupation, history of phimosis and balanitis, sexual behaviour, and smoking were obtained. The results of statistical analyses confirmed that phimosis and balanitis were risk factors for penile cancer, but there was no epidemiological evidence for it being a sexually transmitted disease. Smoking was a risk factor with a dose-response relation and remained associated with penile cancer even after adjustment for confounding factors. Penile cancer is associated with smoking independently of phimosis; treatment of phimosis alone does not remove the risk caused by smoking.
Aged↗
Long-term follow-up of children breast-fed by mothers using oral contraceptives.
In a long-term follow-up study 48 breast-fed children, whose mothers had used oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms of ethinylestradiol while lactating, were compared to a matched control group whose mothers had not used any hormonal contraceptives during lactation. In spite of a very large number of data collected from several different sources of information, no effect could be demonstrated of the ingested steroid, neither upon the panorama of diseases nor upon intellectual or psychological behaviour of the infants and children up to 8 years of age. The mothers who used oral contraceptives lactated a significantly shorter period of time than the controls, but no differences were found in weight gain and height increase in the children between cases and controls.
Breast Feeding↗
Hereditary aspects and classification of hereditary amelogenesis imperfecta.
In an epidemiologic study in the middle of Sweden comprising 425 000 children age 3-19 yr, 105 children were diagnosed as having hereditary amelogenesis imperfecta (HAI). The material then was primarily classified upon clinical criteria into different subgroups either associated to a hypoplastic or to a hypomineralized type of HAI. Analyzing available genetic data obtained from 95 children in 76 families and further 11 adults in 10 families, eight different entities of HAI could be identified in a classification of HAI. In both of the basic types of HAI, the hypoplastic and the hypomineralized, autosomal dominance was the most common mode of inheritance, even if an autosomal recessive inheritance could be identified in some of the subgroups of HAI. The hypoplastic type (rough-pitted), autosomal dominance with incomplete penetrance was dominating in the material, 47 out of 105 cases. The clinical classification seemed to be relevant when testing the material on a genetic basis showing that the clinical criteria provide a strong support for a classification of HAI.
Adolescent↗
Smoking and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. An association independent of sexual and other risk factors?
The connection between smoking and cervical neoplasia has been questioned. The association demonstrated has been suspected to depend on a correlation between smoking and sexual behavior or other risk factors for cervical neoplasia. This case-control study included 140 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosed during pregnancy. For each case, 2 healthy, age-matched women, who simultaneously attended for a pregnancy check at the same maternity clinic, served as controls. Information was obtained on obstetrical and gynecological history, sexual behavior, contraceptive methods, female and male smoking habits and socioeconomic status, using both an interview and a questionnaire. The patients were significantly younger at first intercourse and first pregnancy, had more sexual partners, showed a higher frequency of both female and male smokers and had a different pattern of contraceptive use vis-á-vis the controls. Analyses of covariance were used to identify and check for possible confounding before a log-linear regression analysis was ultimately carried out. Two factors remained closely associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: number of sexual partners, and female smoking. We conclude that smoking seems to be a genuine risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Adolescent↗
Some fallacious thinking about the paternity index.
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Genetics, Population↗
Long-term use of oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia: an association confounded by other risk factors?
One-hundred-and-forty women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) found during pregnancy were compared to 280 pregnant age-matched controls. Information was obtained on obstetrical and gynecological history, sexual behaviour, contraceptive use and smoking of the female and of the male partner. Oral contraceptive use for 60 months or more was significantly associated with CIN. This significance vanished when the effect of confounding factors was controlled for in a log-linear analysis. According to these results, long-term oral contraceptive use does not seem to be a causal factor of CIN, but these women constitute a high risk group due to sexual history and smoking habits and should thus be referred for a regular cytological screening.
Adolescent↗
Paternity index and attribution of paternity.
If blood typing and similar tests do not exclude a putative father in a paternity case, his probability of paternity can be assessed with the formulae of Essen-Möller[1938]. Gürtler[1956] uses an alternative route, viz. the paternity index, to reach identical end results. Majumder and Nei [1983] claim that the methods are not powerful enough. This opinion can always be defended, but may have been enhanced by their inadequate computer model. They also contend that current methods may more often than not lead to false attributions of paternity. This is outright erroneous.
Computers↗
Maternal effects on recombination in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Animals↗
Is there a positive assortative mating for the P blood group?
A sample of 350 families from paternity cases, analyzed for the P blood group system, was studied in order to confirm a previously found tendency to positive assortative mating. No significant deviations from random mating were found. However, when combined with materials from previously published reports, a significant deviation in favour of matings between likes was obtained.
Adult↗
Exclusions and attributions of paternity: practical experiences of forensic genetics and statistics.
The Swedish State Institute for Blood Group Serology is a central government laboratory handling all blood typing in paternity cases in Sweden, each year testing 1,500-2,000 cases using about 13 polymorphisms. Of the accused men, 35%-40% are nonfathers, but in one-man cases (about 78% of all cases), approximately 75% are the true fathers. Exclusions appear to be distributed as expected from allele frequencies, and the paternity probability of nonexcluded men is assessed with a Bayesian approach. Some cases are retested in extended investigations which raise theoretical exclusion capability from about 87% to about 99%. Both the results of extended investigations and the theoretical consideration of the distribution of paternity probabilities support the use of such positive statistical evidence for the attribution of paternity.
Adult↗