Flexor carpi radialis myocutaneous flap.
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Forearm↗
Biomedical subjects
J Small
Publications and source records attributed to J Small.
Prospective study of short and long regimens of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in in vitro fertilization program.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of a short regimen in ovulation induction in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program. DESIGN: A prospective randomized trial was set up to compare long and short regimens of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist administration for ovulation induction in IVF. SETTING: Aberdeen Assisted Reproduction Unit. PATIENTS: Eighty-seven patients undergoing IVF were randomized between the two protocols. Stimulation regimen was the only variable being tested. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stimulation response and occurrence of luteinizing hormone (LH) surges. RESULTS: There was no difference in the stimulation requirements, response to stimulation, number of follicles aspirated, or the number of oocytes obtained. The fertilization rates, number of embryos transferred, and pregnancy rates were also similar in both groups. Like the long regimen, it prevents the occurrence of a premature LH surge. CONCLUSION: The short regimen is a useful and cheaper alternative in ovarian stimulation of patients undergoing IVF.
Adult↗
Prolonged hemorrhagic shock decreases splanchnic prostacyclin synthesis.
The effect of increasing time of hemorrhage-induced hypotension on basal splanchnic prostanoid (PG) release was examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and hemorrhaged to 30 mm Hg for 30, 60, or 120 min (SK-30, SK-60, SK-120 groups). Following shock, the superior mesenteric artery and its end organ intestine (SV + SI) was cannulated and perfused in vitro with Krebs buffer at 3 ml/min. Basal SV + SI release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (6-keto), PGE2, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) was measured in the SK groups by radioimmunoassay after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of perfusion and compared to sham-operated controls (SM-30, SM-60, and SM-120 groups). 6-Keto was the major PG released from the sham SV + SI groups and was two- to sixfold higher than PGE2 or TxB2 release. Acute shock for 30 min increased SV + SI 6-keto release threefold or higher than the SM-30 group after 15-90 min of perfusion. Acute shock for 60 or 120 min lowered all PG release below SM-60 and SM-120 levels. These data confirmed our earlier study which showed that the SV + SI attempted to compensate for acute hemorrhagic shock for 30 min by increased release of prostacyclin, a potent endogenous vasodilator. The present study showed that the capacity of the SV + SI to increase endogenous prostacyclin release following hemorrhagic shock was limited by the time duration of the hypotension.
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
Cadaveric renal transplantation in elderly recipients: is it worthwhile?
The aim of this study is to analyse whether or not old age alone significantly affects the outcome of patient and graft survival in cadaveric renal transplantation, and thus whether it should be a selection criterion for induction into transplant programmes, given the current shortfall in donor organs in the United Kingdom. Data is presented on all 307 solitary cadaveric renal allografts performed at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge between January 1983 and December 1987. Patients are divided into those aged less than 60 years (n = 243) and those aged 60 years and over (n = 45) at the time of transplantation. There is no significant difference in graft survival between the two groups (60.3% and 62.2%) at 18-60 months (mean 42 months) post-transplantation. Patient survival in the two groups is significantly different (83% and 64.4%, P less than 0.01) at the same point. Causes of graft loss, death, and end-stage renal failure are analysed. It is suggested that patients aged 60 years and over may require less immunosuppression but that graft loss from rejection in this group has a high associated mortality. We conclude that cadaveric renal transplantation in the elderly should only be undertaken after careful selection, paying particular attention to evidence of cardiovascular disease and full counselling of the risk of death with these patients.
Adult↗
Hypoxia inhibits renal thromboxane and not prostacyclin release.
The effect of hypoxia on renal prostanoid synthesis and renal function was studied. The kidneys of male Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated and perfused in vitro with Krebs-Henseleit buffer with a pO2 of 460 (control) or 60 mm torr (hypoxia). The rate of perfusion was adjusted to maintain perfusion pressure at 100 mm Hg. The renal venous effluent was collected at 15, 30, 60, 120, 150, and 180 min and assayed for basal release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGE2, and thromboxane B2 by radioimmunoassay and inulin and sodium clearance. Prostanoid release was high at 15 min, decreased to a lower level up to 120 min, and then progressively increased after 150 min of perfusion. Hypoxia significantly decreased TxB2 release at 30, 60, 150, and at 180 min but not PGE2 or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release. Hypoxia proportionally decreased both sodium and inulin clearances suggesting that the decrease in renal function was from decreased renal flow. The kidney responded to the altered renal function by increasing the ratio of vasodilator to vasoconstrictor prostanoids by inhibition of TxB2 release.
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
Pain-free cutting of split skin grafts by application of a percutaneous local anaesthetic cream.
The use of a novel percutaneous anaesthetic preparation for the pain-free cutting of split skin grafts has been assessed in a series of 80 patients, age range 12 to 96 years. The technique was completely successful in 80% of these cases, with complete analgesia established within one hour of initial application. Duration of anaesthesia was such that pain-free cutting of the skin was possible up to 5 hours after initial application of the preparation. Failures of the technique were largely attributed to a loss of anaesthetic potency in the preparation, application of an inadequate amount to the site or patient anxiety. The use of the percutaneous anaesthetic preparation was found to offer considerable advantages over conventional infiltration anaesthesia for this type of surgery. Several additional surgical applications of percutaneous anaesthesia are also considered.
Administration, Cutaneous↗
A field study of watery mouth: clinical, epidemiological, biochemical, haematological and bacteriological observations.
More than 500 cases of watery mouth in newborn lambs were recorded in 11 flocks and a detailed examination was performed in more than 200 cases. The condition occurred predominantly in lambs aged 24 to 48 hours. The incidence in a flock varied from 1 per cent to 24 per cent and the mortality in affected lambs varied from 7 per cent to 83 per cent. A bacteraemia was found in 38 per cent of the affected lambs. There were no consistent abnormalities of clinical biochemistry or haematology. Watery mouth was more common in twins and especially in triplets than in single lambs. In twins the highest incidence of watery mouth was recorded in lambs born to ewes in poor body condition. Antibiotic given orally within 15 minutes of birth greatly reduced the incidence of watery mouth.
Age Factors↗
A simple system for recording lamb mortality used to improve flock management.
Many commercial sheep farmers do not record either the extent or the causes of their lamb losses but this information is essential if losses are to be reduced in the future. The major causes of death in newborn lambs are reviewed together with the common predisposing factors. The development and practical application of a simple system for recording lamb deaths is described. It is concluded that the application of this type of system, initiated, supervised and interpreted by the farmer's own veterinary surgeon, would indicate how to reduce the losses of lambs and would be a useful component of any flock health scheme.
Animal Husbandry↗
Plasma hormone concentrations in newborn Scottish blackface lambs during basal and summit metabolism.
The plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, cortisol, insulin and glucose were estimated in lambs aged one to five hours during basal metabolism and then during summit metabolism (the maximum thermogenic response to cold stress). The increase in metabolic rate from basal metabolism to summit metabolism was associated with marked increases in the plasma levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and glucose and a decrease in the plasma level of insulin. There were no quantitative relationships between summit metabolic rate and the plasma levels of any of the hormones measured. These findings suggest that the marked lamb-to-lamb variation in heat production capacity found here and elsewhere cannot be directly attributed to variation in the activities of the sympathetic nervous system, the thyroid, the adrenal cortex or the pancreas. Concurrent estimations of respiratory quotient suggested that the newborn lamb has a marked dependence on carbohydrate as an energy substrate at high rates of heat production.
Animals↗
Abomasal size and emptying time in healthy lambs and in lambs affected by watery mouth.
Contrast radiography (barium sulphate suspension fed by stomach tube) was used to assess abomasal profile area (a reflection of tone in the abomasal wall) and the rate of abomasal emptying in healthy lambs aged four to 144 hours and in lambs affected by watery mouth. In healthy lambs abomasal profile area increased from 15.1 +/- 0.56 cm2/kg at four hours of age to 23.1 +/- 1.07 cm2/kg at 24 to 48 hours (P less than 0.001). There was no change up to 48 to 72 hours but after this age there was a substantial decrease to 12.8 +/- 0.76 cm2/kg at 120 to 144 hours (P less than 0.001). The rate of abomasal emptying decreased as abomasal profile area increased. Complete emptying of the abomasum was observed within three hours of feeding in the majority of lambs aged four hours (seven out of eight) and 120 to 144 hours (13 out of 16) but only in a minority of lambs aged 24 to 48 hours (one out of 11). In lambs affected by watery mouth (mean age [+/- se] 33 +/- 2.8 hours, n = 34) abomasal profile area was greater and the rate of abomasal emptying was slower than in healthy lambs aged 24 to 48 hours. These findings confirm the previous suspicion that watery mouth is associated with an impairment of gut motility. Abomasal emptying time was prolonged in lambs aged four hours when either ewe or cow colostrum was included with the contrast medium. A similar effect was observed in lambs aged 24 to 48 hours when cow colostrum was included. The castration of lambs aged four hours with rubber rings immediately before the administration of contrast medium had no effect on the rate of abomasal emptying.
Abomasum↗
Effects of acute hypoxia on heat production capacity in newborn lambs.
Severe hypoxia during birth results in a metabolic acidosis and depressed heat production capacity. The aetiology of the depressed heat production capacity is unknown. To investigate this problem newborn lambs were exposed to a 30 minute period of hypoxia by causing them to breathe room air diluted with nitrogen. Heat production capacity was subsequently estimated as summit metabolic rate. When summit metabolic rate was estimated at the end of the period of hypoxia a depression to 66 per cent of the control value was observed (P less than 0.01) but no depression was observed when the estimation of summit metabolic rate was delayed for 30 minutes. Hypoxia resulted in metabolic acidosis, hyperlactaemia and considerable increases in the plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Summit metabolic rate was positively correlated with blood pH at the beginning of summit metabolism in lambs which had a pH value of less than 7.05. There were no other relationships between summit metabolic rate and blood composition. These results suggest that the poor heat production capacity found in lambs which have suffered hypoxia during birth may be directly related to acidaemia.
Animals↗
Treatment of hypoglycaemia in lambs.
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Animals↗
Effectiveness in commercial practice of a new system for detecting and treating hypothermia in newborn lambs.
A new system for the detection and treatment of hypothermia in newborn lambs was evaluated on 30 commercial farms. This system comprised the detection of hypothermia with the aid of an electronic thermometer, the reversal of hypoglycaemia in lambs aged more than five hours by an intraperitoneal injection of glucose solution, warming in air at 40 degrees C and careful management after warming. Of all lambs treated, 69 per cent were alive one week later. The majority of lambs which were treated and lived were subsequently reared on ewes. Treatment was more successful in lambs aged less than five hours (76 per cent) than in older lambs (64 per cent). Higher success rates were recorded when the hypothermia was detected in the temperature range of 37.0 to 39.0 degrees C (83 per cent) than when it was only detected at a temperature of less than 37.0 degrees C (65 per cent). Twins and triplet lambs were more susceptible to hypothermia than singles.
Animals↗
Correction of entropion in newborn lambs.
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Animals↗
Storage of ovine plasma samples.
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Animals↗
Recombination during gene transfer into mouse cells can restore the function of deleted genes.
Two plasmids containing nonoverlapping deletions of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene were introduced into thymidine kinase-deficient mouse L cells by DNA-mediated gene transfer. Thymidine kinase-producing transformants were generated by a mixture of the two plasmids at a frequency significantly greater than that generated by either plasmid alone. Southern blot analyses demonstrated that functional thymidine kinase genes were generated by homologous recombination between the two deletion mutants.
Animals↗
Effects of feeding ewe colostrum, cow colostrum or ewe milk replacer on plasma glucose in newborn lambs.
The plasma concentration of glucose was monitored for six hours in lambs fed either ewe colostrum, cow colostrum or milk replacer by stomach tube at one hour of age. The feeding of ewe colostrum resulted in an elevation of the mean (+/- se) plasma glucose concentration from 2 . 6 +/- 0 . 3 mmol/litre before feeding to 7 . 3 +/- 0 . 92 mmol/litre three hours after feeding and this elevation was maintained. A similar rise was observed in the lambs fed cow colostrum but this was of shorter duration. A marked hyperglycaemia was observed after the feeding of milk replacer with a maximum value of 23 . 4 +/- 1 . 33 mmol/litre three hours after feeding. The practical implications of these results are discussed.
Animal Feed↗