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Biomedical subjects

J Scott

Publications and source records attributed to J Scott.

At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Hepatic organelle pathology in primary biliary cirrhosis and the response to low-dose D-penicillamine therapy.

1. Analytical subcellular fractionation in combination with enzymic microanalysis has been used to investigate the hepatic organelle pathology of primary biliary cirrhosis. Activities of plasma membrane and lysosomal enzymes in hepatic needle biopsies were increased, but marker enzymes for other organelles were normal. 2. Seven patients were treated with a low dose of penicillamine, 250 mg daily, over a 3--6 month period. The initially raised serum alkaline phosphatase and IgM levels were significantly reduced. In four patients with markedly elevated hepatic copper there was a small decrease, but urinary copper excretion was unaltered. Hepatic organelle pathology was significantly improved. 3. No serious side-effects were noted and it is suggested that a controlled trial of low-dose D-penicillamine therapy is indicated in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effect of acute and chronic alcohol ingestion on the rate of folate catabolism and hepatic enzyme induction in mice.

1. Folate deficiency is commonly found in alcoholic subjects although the causative mechanism is uncertain. It has been suggested that microsomal enzyme induction resulting from chronic alcohol ingestion might accelerate the rate of folate catabolism thus causing deficiency. 2. By using an experimental animal model to determine the rate of catabolism of [3H]pteroylglutamate (folic acid) by the quantitative estimation of the two urinary catabolites p-[3H]aminobenzoylglutamate and [3H]acetamidobenzoylglumate, we have measured both the rate of folate catabolism and the extent of microsomal-enzyme induction in mice after acute and chronic alcohol ingestion. 3. Despite significant evidence of enzyme induction in the chronic alcohol group, there was no difference in the rate of folate catabolism after acute or chronic alcohol ingestion when compared with that of the controls.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1981

Fluproquazone for osteoarthritis.

Fluproquazone (100 mg t.d.s.) was compared in a double-blind cross-over trial with indomethacin (25 mg t.d.s.) and placebo. Fluproquazone and indomethacin were both superior to placebo. The active drugs were comparable in most measures of efficacy though significantly more patients preferred indomethacin to fluproquazone. Side-effects were few and did not lead to withdrawal of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

How frequently should anti-inflammatory drugs be given? A study with indoprofen.

Indoprofen, despite its relatively short plasma half-life, was just as effective given twice daily as when the same daily total was given in four divided doses. There was a trend in favour of the twice daily regime for changes in morning pain and the duration of morning stiffness. Preferences were equally divided between the two regimes and efficacy was the usual reason for patients preferring one or other. Side-effects were no more frequent with the twice daily regime. Pharmacokinetics are no substitute for clinical experiment in planning the dosage regime of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1981

Islet transplantation in mice differing in the I and S subregions of the H-2 complex.

Diabetic A.TL and A.TH mice, congenic inbred strains differing only in the I and S (non-K, non-D) regions of the major histocompatibility (H-2) complex, received intrasplenic allogeneic and isogeneic pancreatic islet transplants. The isografts were uniformly accepted, while approximately 60% of the recipients receiving allografts rejected the islets, most within 4 weeks of transplantation. With either strain the animals accepting the allografts had higher blood glucose values than normal mice or isografted recipients. After a minimum of 13 weeks of nearly normal glucose levels, successfully allografted mice received skin grafts and spleen cells. None of the A.TH recipients rejected the A.TL islets, but two of four A.TL recipients of A.TH islets became diabetic after the skin grafts. These observations suggest a variable response to islet transplanted across this isolated difference of the H-2 complex. Furthermore, allografted islets resisting rejection did not provide normal glucose levels in the recipients.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cast bracing of femoral shaft fractures in children: a preliminary report.

This paper reviews the use of cast bracing in fractures of the femoral shaft in children between 1977 at the Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital. Thirteen children have been treated by cast bracing. All children have achieved a full functional recovery. The average time to cast bracing was 3 weeks, and the average time to discharge was 4 weeks. Thus treated, these children were discharged 4 weeks earlier than those treated by conventional measures. It was found that the technique of cast bracing was applicable to children with no adverse complications.

Braces↗
PubMed1981

The presence and distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen in tumors of human minor salivary glands.

Using an immunoperoxidase method we have demonstrated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in more than half of a series of 62 tumors of minor salivary glands. CEA was present in both benign and malignant tumors. Its presence was related mainly to the formation of well differentiated ductal tissue in the neoplasms rather than to the histologic type of tumor. Although of only limited diagnostic value, the histologic presence of CEA in a particular tumor may indicate the possibility of postoperative monitoring of saliva and plasma, particularly where residual tumor, metastases or recurrences are considered likely.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

An articular index for the assessment of osteoarthritis.

An articular index was devised for the sequential assessment of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Forty-eight joint units, chosen to reflect the characteristic pattern of the disease, were scored for tenderness on pressure or movement on a 4-point scale. Four observers examined patients to assess inter- and intraobserver error. The index was highly reproducible both within and between observers; intraobserver error was, however, significantly smaller. In a double-blind, cross-over trial the index was sufficiently sensitive to detect a statistically significant difference between the responses of patients with OA to an anti-inflammatory agent and to a simple analgesic. It is likely to be a useful addition to current methods of measurement in osteoarthritis.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1981

Differential effect of glucocorticoids on structure and function of adult rat jejunum.

The long-term (28 days) effects of feeding two glucocorticoids, prednisolone and betamethasone 17-valerate, on the adult rat jejunum were examined. Both steroids increased the activities of microvillus enzymes, alpha-glucosidase, aminopeptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, measured in isolated epithelial cells by 46-83%. However, betamethasone 17-valerate caused striking epithelial hypoplasia such that microvillus enzyme activity per centimeter of intestine was similar to that of control rats. Prednisolone produced a trivial epithelial hypoplasia, and therefore microvillus enzyme activity per centimeter of intestine was increased. D-Galactose absorption measured in vivo was similarly affected by the two steroids. D-Galactose absorption per centimeter of intestine was increased after prednisolone but unchanged after betamethasone 17-valerate. Thus, glucocorticoids have separate and opposing actions on the function and structure of the adult rat small intestine: a) to increase the digestive-absorptive function of the mature epithelial cell and b) to decrease the epithelial cell population. These findings suggest that the effect of any particular glucocorticoid on intestinal function will depend on the extent to which these opposing actions predominate.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1981

Clinical, biochemical and morphological responses of patients with villous atrophy to oral betamethasone valerate and clobetasone butyrate.

10 patients with sub-total villous atrophy were given the topical corticosteroids betamethasone valerate or clobetasone butyrate for a period of 4 months whilst continuing on a normal diet. 5 patients improved symptomatically while red cell folate, urinary xylose and faecal fat excretion also improved. Brush border enzymes increased in patients treated with higher dosages of each drug. Enterocyte height increased and intra-epithelial lymphocytes were significantly decreased although overall morphological appearances remained indistinguishable from untreated coeliac disease. Suppression of the pituitary adrenal axis occurred in 8 patients and there did not appear to be useful separation of topical from systemic activity. These compounds offer no advantage over prednisolone in non-responsive coeliac disease.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

Evidence for central hypertyraminemia in hepatic encephalopathy.

In mongrel dogs, the effect of end-to-side portacaval shunt on plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tyramine, tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were studied. It was found that the level of tyramine in plasma, CSF, and selected brain regions increased steadily after the construction of the shunts. These elevations became more pronounced when the dogs manifested symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. In postshunted dogs with stage II and III hepatic encephalopathy, tyramine concentration in corpus striatum (1,312 +/- 371), hypothalamus (400 +/- 67.0), and midbrain (660 +/- 78.7 ng/g) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than the level in dogs with stage 0 and I hepatic encephalopathy and sham-operated dogs serving as controls (corpus striatum, 831 +/- 140; hypothalamus, 167 +/- 40.0; and midbrain, 132 +/- 37.4 ng/g). This was followed by a concomitant depletion of dopamine and norepinephrine in these brain regions (postshunt: dopamine 104 +/- 20.0, 3,697 +/- 977, and 105 +/- 14.1; norepinephrine 521 +/- 71.6, 81.6 +/- 13.7, and 218 +/- 31.7 ng/g; vs. sham group: dopamine 532 +/- 83.1, 8,210 +/- 1,126, and 192 +/- 35.0; norepinephrine 1,338 +/- 425, 124 +/- 21.3, and 449 +/- 89.7 ng/g) of encephalopathic dogs with portacaval shunt. Furthermore, tyramine, tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels in plasma and CSF increased markedly as clinical features in the dogs' behavior characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy occurred, including hypersalivation, ataxia, flapping tremor, somnolence, and coma. Cerebral hypertyraminemia and a defect in sympathetic neurotransmission may contribute to the development of hepatic encephalopathy of liver disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Role of percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of varices in the management of hemorrhage from gastroesophageal varices.

One hundred and forty-one attempts at percutaneous transhepatic variceal obliteration were made in 116 patients with portal hypertension complicated by variceal hemorrhage. Varices were successfully obliterated in 80% of procedures and included 37 patients with continuous, acute variceal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage ceased immediately in these patients. Sixty-five percent of patients rebled a mean of 4.6 mo after successful transhepatic variceal obliteration. A randomized controlled trial against conventional medical therapy (29 treatment, 25 control) failed to show a significant reduction in death rate after transhepatic sclerotherapy, although the onset of further variceal hemorrhage was delayed. Follow-up portography in 50 patients demonstrated new vessel formation in 38 patients and recanalization of previously occluded varices in 5 patients. Complications arose in 29 of 141 procedures. There was one death but all the other complications responded to conservative management. Transhepatic variceal obliteration is an excellent, safe emergency treatment for variceal hemorrhage, especially in patients with decompensated liver disease. A high incidence of rebleeding is a long-term disadvantage and means that transhepatic variceal obliteration should not be used for the prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage. Successful emergency treatment of variceal hemorrhage should be followed by elective portal decompression in suitable patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Three trials of indoprofen.

Three trials have been used to document various properties of indoprofen. As a simple analgesic, indoprofen (200 mg) was superior to placebo and at least as effective as aspirin (700 mg). As an anti-inflammatory, indoprofen (200 mg four times daily) was superior to both ibuprofen (300 mg four times daily) and placebo. With regular administration, the effect of indoprofen reached a plateau within 24 hours of the start of treatment. Long term administration confirmed the safety of indoprofen and the overall incidence of side effects was similar to that associated with ibuprofen therapy. Equal numbers of patients were withdrawn from the indoprofen and ibuprofen groups but the reasons for withdrawal were different. Patients were withdrawn from the ibuprofen group because of lack of effect and from the indoprofen group because of gastric side effects.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1981

Orgotein in osteoarthritis of the knee joint.

A double-blind study showed that four weekly intra-articular injections of 4 mg orgotein were superior to four weekly injections of saline in reducing pain, the duration of morning stiffness and effusions in patients with osteoarthritis. Forty patients with active osteoarthritis of the knee joint were studied. Patients without demonstrable effusion in the joint to be injected were excluded from the study. They were assigned at random to two treatment groups. The treatments appeared identical and the trial was therefore double-blind. The groups were well matched for age, sex, duration of disease and most other measurements made at the start of the study. Orgotein was safe and well tolerated. It caused only slightly more adverse reactions than placebo. Patients receiving orgotein showed no greater radiological deterioration than those receiving placebo.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗