Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J Ruffié.
Probe 49f, subcloned from the Y chromosome locus DYS1, had previously been located to Yq.11 by deletion mapping. Using in situ hybridization techniques we mapped the probe more precisely to subband Yq11.2.
Taq I polymorphism revealed after molecular hybridization with the Y-specific p49 probe was studied in male Papuas, Baruya tribe, living in the Wonenara valley. All individuals screened were identical at the variable loci A, C, F and I, and fixed for the specific allele Db. The deduced haplotype, number 17 (A2, C0, Db, F1, I1) is Baruya-specific.
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Data are presented on the blood groups of the Bigoudens. Deviations from the expected Hardy-Weinberg distribution are interpreted as the result of a recent mixing of previously separated groups, in addition to the effect of silent alleles and inbreeding. Special reference to the historical evidence of their origin is made.
Data are presented on the red cell enzymes of the Bigoudens. Deviations fro the expected Hardy-Weinberg distribution are interpreted as the result of a recent mixing of previously separated groups, in addition to the effect of silent alleles and inbreeding. Special reference to the historical background.
The first blood group system to be defined in baboons by means of isoimmune agglutinating reagents is composed of five graded types: B4, B3, B2, B1 and b, inherited, as postulated, by five allelic genes with decreasing dominance order. There are significant differences in distribution of the BP blood groups between hamadryas baboons on the one hand, and cynocephalus and anubis on the other, which may serve as auxiliary taxonomic criteria. Antibodies of specificities related to the BP graded antigens are found in the sera of presumably nonimmunized baboons, and also in the rhesus isoimmune antisera that detect one of the subtypes of the so-called Drh graded system of macaques. These findings point to ubiquity of the BP or BP-like antigens, and to the close serological relationship between BP baboon and Drh macaque red cell antigens, perhaps as evidence of a common ancestral antigen which gave rise to a diverging set of graded subspecificities of baboon and macaque red cells, respectively.
The techniques involved in the measurement of the electrophoretic mobilities of human proteins have been applied for similar protein electrophoretic mobility measurements in various species of anthropoïd apes. A study of the electrophoretic polymorphism in the chimpanzee shows that this species has a similar variability to that of man, although the average individual heterozygosity level is lower. For a certain number of erythrocyte protein loci, the electrophoretic mobilities in man, chimpanzee, and gorilla are about the same. The two types of chimpanzee are distinguished by their distinct allelic forms at the level of only one locus, the transferrin locus. The various sub-species of the common chimpanzee, gorilla, and orang-utan differ at the discriminative post-albumin and transferrin locus, not only in their allelic forms but also in the degree of heterozygoty. A study of such differences enables the proposal of a hypothesis about the relationships between these diverse races. Amongst these, the two sub-species of orang-utan are distinguishable by other diagnostic markers. It would seem that in a study of specific differentiation applicable to that of the human species, the different types of baboons constitute a better model than that of the various anthropoïd apes.
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Hemotypology, which is based on the study of a large number of immunological and enzyme systems in the blood, has shown the extraordinary polymorphism of the human species and the lack of a genetic barrier between groups once considered as separate races. The typological mode of thought predominated in anthropology until the middle of this century. Mankind was divided into races according to a theoretical profile characteristic of each one, the holotype, which all the members of the same race were thought to resemble. Today we tend toward the substitution of population thinking: the human species, like all the other animal or plant species, is made up of populations, reproductive units whose members are more likely to mate within the group than outside it. A population is never totally closed and it is the interpopulational genetic flux which assures the homogeneity of the species. Three factors play a fundamental role in the genetic structure of human populations: 1. An ancestral genetic heritage from the distant past is modified by external contribution such as genetic flux and hybridization; 2. Chance is an especially important factor in very isolated small groups; 3. Natural selection: the majority of all genetic factors are not neutral, as we used to think, but possess a certain selective value. This nonneutrality doubtless explains the maintenance of the hemotypological polymorphism in man, as in the model proposed by A.E. Mourant and J. Ruffié. Following these ideas, sometimes it is possible to find the hemotypological traces of important events, especially of the great migrations of the beginning of the neolithic or the beginning of the historic period. Examples are cited which concern the peopling of sub-Saharan Africa, the western Mediterranean and western Europe, and of the continental Far East and Japan. This conceptual revolution, based on the dynamic idea of populations and not on that of the typological conception of race, has shed new light on the science of anthropology and has bridged the gap between hematology and history.
The authors describe the results obtained in an examination by isoelectrofocusing of more than 1,000 serum samples from various regions in France. The autochthonous populations of the north side of the Pyrénées are characterized by a high frequency of the gene Gc2 and a very low frequency of the Gc1F gene. This distinguishes them from the other groups studied (southwestern, northwestern and eastern France). The quantitative analysis of the data emphasizes the difference. These results can only be explained by the interdependance of the genetic and metabolic factors.
The concept of geographical haematology described by Jean Bernard in 1965-1966, found a remarkable application field in Anthropology. The human ecology which allows to measure the influence of environmental factors in man through some haematological variations, has been added to the genetics of human populations, revealed by the blood groups discovery. It has been now demonstrated that, in man, cultural or sociological features can act a genetical isolation more effective that natural boundaries. So, an ethnological haematology is superimposed on the geographical haematology of which it can modify outlines.
A new antigenic determinant Gm (L 1) was shown to be present on protein IgG, Gm (21) but absent on protein IgG, Gm (5). It was found present in a French family and in an Algerian family where it was transmitted with the Gm (1) and Gm (17). In caucasian and mongoloid populations it is usually associated with Gm (21) but dissociated in negroids.
The red blood cell antigens of the ABO system are not present in all the anthropïd Primates. The Chimpanzee, particularly, shows only the two genes A and O. The alpha-galactosyl transferase, present in the human sera of group B, has been used to fix a molecule of galactose on O red cells of Chimpanzee giving them a B specificity. If the B gene was present in the Chimpanzee it could consequently be expressed on the erythrocytes. This gene, probably present in an ancestor common to the anthropoïd apes and to Man disappeared in the Chimpanzee, perhaps at the origin of species.
An antiglobulin anti-Baboon IgG exists in human sera [with or without an anti-Gm (1)]. There is no correlation between this antiglobulin and another one of the Milgröm type. Its occurrence is not characteristic of the anti-Gm sera. Therefore, it cannot explain the different specificities between the two types of anti-Gm (1) discordant at the level of non-human Primate immunoglobulins.
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