Further experience with glued-on contact lens (artificial epithelium).
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Acrylates↗
Biomedical subjects
J Richards
Publications and source records attributed to J Richards.
On the Proteins of aa and aa Ephestia.
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Proteins↗
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity and biochemical characterization of rat visceral yolk-sac during gestation with or without trypan blue exposure.
Yolk-sacs from untreated Sprague-Dawley rat conceptuses were removed on gestational days (GD) 9 to 18 and examined for gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities. All enzyme activities were found to increase through gestation in total activity as well as in specific activity. Protein (PRO) and urea nitrogen (UN) were also found to increase through gestation whereas triglyceride (TRI) increased steadily from GD 9 to 13 and then appeared to plateau through GD 19. Additional rats were treated on GD 8 with 75 mg trypan blue (TB)/kg body weight and yolk-sacs taken on GD 9 to 18. Yolk-sac GGT and GOT activities from TB-treated rats were significantly higher than the respective controls during early gestation but recovered to or were lower than control levels during midgestation. GGT activity in treated rats was significantly higher than the controls on GD 15 and 16, and both GGT and GOT were significantly lower than controls on GD 17 and 18. AP activity in the TB-treated yolk-sacs was significantly lower than that in controls during early and midgestation but was not significantly different from the control values late in gestation. Triglyceride concentration was not affected early in gestation but significantly decreased on GD 16 and 18. Thus, the yolk-sac enzymes monitored, which are associated with nutrition and normal growth, increased in activity through GD 18. The yolk-sac toxicant, trypan blue, significantly affected enzymatic activity at various time periods during gestation and resulted in significant changes in yolk-sac protein and triglyceride content.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Effects of extracts from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on ion regulation and gill Na+,K+-ATPase and K+-dependent phosphatase activities of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Grapsidae).
Recent discoveries indicate that microcystins affect enzymes, such as Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, involved in ion regulation of aquatic animals, through K(+)-dependent phosphatase inhibition. In vitro studies showed the inhibitory effect of Microcystis aeruginosa extracts on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and K(+)-dependent phosphatase activities in gills of Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Extracts of M. aeruginosa were prepared from lyophilized or cultures cells of the cyanobacterium. For lyophilized cells, IC(50) values were estimated as 0.46 microg/L (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.40-0.52 microg/L) and 1.31 microg/L (95% CI=1.14-1.51 microg/L) for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and K(+)-dependent phosphatase, respectively. However, extracts prepared from cultured cells presented a much lower inhibitory potency against both enzymes. Gas chromatography revealed long-chain fatty acids in the lyophilized cell extracts, indicating that they are in part responsible for the enzyme inhibition. In vivo studies showed that the toxin inhibited Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in anterior gills, whereas an increased augmented activity of glutathione-S-transferase was observed in both kind of gills, indicating that the crab has increased its ability to conjugate the toxin. No significant differences in hemolymph sodium or chloride concentration were detected. This result is in agreement with the lack of effects of microcystin on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity of posterior (osmoregulating) gills.
Animals↗
Manipulation under anaesthetic of children's fractures: use of the image intensifier reduces radiation exposure to patients and theatre personnel.
During simulated manipulation of children's forearm fractures, levels of scattered radiation from both plain radiographs and an image intensifier in different modes were measured at various sites on the surgeon, anaesthetist, radiographer, and patient both with and without recommended shielding. By using fluoroscopy in the pulsed screening mode but allowing only single pulses to occur, radiation levels could be substantially reduced to the eye, thyroid, and gonads of all those exposed. The radiographer and the anaesthetist were so far from the source and guarded by various pieces of equipment that levels were almost unrecordable. Effective dose equivalent for the surgeon using pulsed mode, based on circa six pulses per manipulation, during 100 manipulations per year, would equate to 1 microSv even in the unshielded state (< 0.1 microSv shielded), which is approximately 1/1,000 of background radiation at sea level. Because the current dose limit is 50 mSv (50,000 microSv) per year for employees, we are many orders of magnitude in the safety zone.
Anesthesia↗
A method for normalization of oxygen cost and consumption in normal children while walking.
Measurement of oxygen use is helpful in determining energy consumption in children with walking abnormalities; however, no statistically valid measurements of nondisabled children have been established using a telemetric system. Data from 94 nondisabled children, ages 5-15 years, were collected using the Cosmed K2 oxygen analysis system. Oxygen cost, measured in milliliters O2/kg/m walked, and oxygen consumption, measured in milliliters O2/kg/min, were correlated to inverse body surface area (IBSA) measured in meters(-2). Linear relationships between oxygen cost and IBSA and between oxygen consumption and IBSA were best described by the following equations: oxygen cost = 0.256 (IBSA) + 0.052 (r = 0.806) and oxygen consumption = 17.635 (IBSA) + 4.956 (r = 0.758). From these data, equations were derived to calculate predicted oxygen cost and predicted oxygen consumption for each child. Indices were developed to express the difference between a measurement and the predicted mean in reference to the normal variation. These equations and indices can help quantify the variation of energy use of children with walking abnormalities when compared with their nondisabled peers. Additionally, the indices enable multiple tests from one subject to be compared, regardless of a change in age, height, and weight between measurements.
Adolescent↗
Evaluation of phototoxic potential of gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers compared with ciprofloxacin.
This double-blind, randomized, parallel-group comparative study investigated the phototoxic potential of gemifloxacin mesylate, a potent, novel fluoroquinolone antimicrobial. Forty healthy male and female volunteers received repeat dosing for 7 days with 160 mg or 320 mg of gemifloxacin (o.d., p.m.), 500 mg of ciprofloxacin (b.d.) or placebo (b.d.). On day 5 (large step) and day 6 (small step), graded series of wavebands were irradiated onto the back of each volunteer (phototesting). Skin reactions were assessed 0-30 min (immediate erythema) and 24 and 48 h (delayed erythema) after irradiation. Both gemifloxacin, 320 mg o.d., and ciprofloxacin, 500 mg b.d., were associated with mild phototoxicity following 7 days of administration. The range of mean phototoxic indices (the ratio of minimal erythemal dose at baseline compared with that on day 7 at the end of dosing) was 1.00-2.19 for gemifloxacin and 0.97-2.23 for ciprofloxacin. The abnormal responses occurred within the ultraviolet A region (335-365 +/-30 nm) and were maximal at 24 h. Susceptibility to phototoxicity had cleared 48 h after stopping the drug. The phototoxicity observed with gemifloxacin, 160 mg o.d., was lower than that at the higher dose and similar to that of placebo, suggesting that gemifloxacin phototoxicity is dose dependent. There were no clinically important changes in the safety profiles of gemifloxacin and ciprofloxacin compared with placebo in healthy volunteers after 7 days of repeat dosing. This study demonstrated that gemifloxacin, 320 mg o.d. given for 7 days, has a low potential to cause mild photosensitivity which is similar to that of ciprofloxacin, 500 mg b.d., given for the same period.
Adolescent↗
Pandora's box: physician order entry and nursing work redesign.
The Canadian health care industry is undergoing unprecedented restructuring in response to the quest for quality management and cost reduction. Physician order entry and on-line results viewing within a fully integrated hospital clinical information system is often thought to be essential to maximum quality management, cost control, and clinical decision support. Using Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics model (1989) as a grounding for discussion, this author examines the impact of computerized physician order entry and on-line results viewing on the intrinsic meaning of nursing work and its subsequent redesign. This paper explores the historical meaning of nursing work related to the manual transcription of physician's orders, and contemplates the implications for future nursing work and research. Until now there has been little discussion in the current informatics literature on this topic.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Culture density and age-dependent interactions of 3T3 AND SV3T3 cells with immobilized and soluble Lens culinaris lectin.
Short term binding of both Balb/c derived 3T3 cells and SV3T3 cells to 2B-Sepharose coated with Lens culinaris lectin (LCL) was compared with their LCL-induced agglutinability in relation to culture density and age. The cells were grown for 4 days either to low (LD) or to high density (HD); for certain experiments HD-cells were stimulated (HDS) by a short trypsin treatment and/or by addition of fresh medium. HD-3T3 cells bound somewhat faster to immobilized LCL than LD-3T3 cells, although LD-3T3 cells agglutinated at lower LCL concentrations. In the case of SV 3T3 cells, binding was much less pronounced for HD than for LD cells. The agglutinability of HD-SV 3T3 cells, however, was greater than that of the other transformed groups. Upon stimulation, binding and agglutinability data of both HD cell lines began to resemble the results obtained with LD-cells. Taken together, the date revealed in all cases an inverse relationship between binding and agglutinability, i.e., high agglutinability was closely correlated with slower binding and vice versa. The results indicate that culture density and age-dependent differences in cell surface architecture can be detected by short term binding to immobilized LCL.
Agglutination↗
Antioxidants in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells isolated from ozone--exposed normal and ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs.
Previous studies have indicated that systemic deficiency in one of the critical antioxidants, ascorbate, does not significantly exacerbate ozone-induced lung injury and changes in lung antioxidants following longer-term exposure. Because alveolar cells encounter the highest ozone dose upon exposure and lack direct blood supply, systemic ascorbate deficiency may exacerbate ozone response on antioxidants within these cells. Female Hartley guinea pigs (30 days old) were fed either a regular guinea pig chow or chow that lacked ascorbate. The dietary regimen was started 1 week prior to exposure, continued through ozone exposure (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 ppm, 23 h/day, 1 week), and during 1 week recovery in clean air following exposure. Immediately after 1 week of exposure or recovery, lungs were lavaged and cells were counted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Protein, ascorbate, uric acid, total glutathione (GSH), and alpha-tocopherol were analyzed in these cells. Ozone caused an increase in total BALF cells and total cellular protein after 0.4 and 0.8 ppm ozone. The increase was more pronounced in ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs. Protein per million cells, however, was not changed by ozone or diet. In ascorbate-sufficient guinea pigs, ascorbate levels were increased only after 0.2 ppm ozone. However, uric acid (at 0.4 and 0.8 ppm ozone) and GSH (at all concentrations of ozone) levels were increased in both dietary groups. Ascorbate deficiency did not affect basal uric acid or GSH levels in BALF cells. There was a small diet-related depletion in cellular alpha-tocopherol. Ozone exposure also decreased alpha-tocopherol regardless of diet. The above changes except for alpha-tocopherol appeared to be reversed after 1 week of recovery in both dietary groups. In summary, ozone is capable of inducing a mechanism that increases antioxidants such as ascorbate, GSH, and uric acid. GSH and uric acid are not affected by ascorbate deficiency, but alpha-tocopherol is depleted. GSH and uric acid may be critical in ozone-induced adaptation during ascorbate deficiency.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Effects of billing Medicaid for occupational therapy services in the schools: a pilot study.
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Adolescent↗
The efficacy of tone-reducing features in orthotics on the gait of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.
This study analyzed the effects of tone-reducing features in ankle-foot orthotics (AFOs) on the gait of eight children (ages 4-11 years) with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. A standard gait analysis was performed on each subject in each of three trial orthotics and in a baseline shoes-only condition. A 4-week accommodation period was allotted for each of the three devices: a standard hinged AFO, an AFO with tone-reducing features, and a supramalleolar orthotic with tone-reducing features. Most significant differences were at the ankle, between free-ankle and plantar flexion-limiting conditions. No significant functional changes in gait were evident with the addition of tone-reducing properties to a standard articulating AFO.
Analysis of Variance↗
Quality assurance. Winning support.
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Education, Nursing↗
Implementing a computer system: issues for nurse administrators.
Because more and more health care agencies are becoming computerized, nursing administrators need to increase their knowledge about computer systems. Specifically, they must have at least some basic knowledge regarding the purchase, implementation, and maintenance of systems, because they and their staff are ultimately affected by them. This article describes how one agency managed the implementation of a new computer system and the issues that the nurse administrator faced during this process.
Computer Literacy↗
Organ transplants. Coping mechanisms.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
Variability of energy-consumption measures in children with cerebral palsy.
Oxygen consumption measurements made on five repeated tests from five children with cerebral palsy (CP) and five nondisabled children of similar age and size were collected using the Cosmed K2 (Cosmed, Rome, Italy) oxygen-analysis system at free-walking velocity. Oxygen cost, oxygen consumption, and physiological cost index (PCI) were measured. There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of variability of oxygen cost, oxygen consumption, or PCI between the disabled and nondisabled populations. Oxygen cost was the most reliable oxygen-use measurement with an average percentage of variability of 13.2% for the CP population and 13.9% for the nondisabled population. Physiological cost index was found be the least reliable measurement with the average percentages of variabilities of the disabled and nondisabled populations of 20.3 and 20.5%, respectively. Thus because of oxygen cost's relatively low variability, it was the most sensitive measurement of change in gait efficiency.
Adolescent↗
A method of dynamic foot-pressure measurement for the evaluation of pediatric orthopaedic foot deformities.
Dynamic foot-pressure measurements are time-sensitive measurements of the pressures under the foot while walking. Historically, many methods are used to measure these pressures; however, current medical literature does not contain a method suitable for the evaluation of pediatric orthopaedic foot deformities. A method for the measurement of dynamic foot pressure for the treatment of pediatric orthopaedic foot deformities was defined in this study. We established the dynamic foot-pressure pattern of a normal population using this method. Dynamic foot-pressure measurements were collected from 54 normal subjects (108 feet). These measurements were divided into the following five segments: the heel, the lateral midfoot, the medial midfoot, the lateral forefoot, and the medial forefoot. Standard tables and graphs were created describing the normal progression of pressure across each segment of the foot while walking. These standard tables and graphs can be used as a reference with which clinical measurements can be compared. This method may be useful as a diagnostic measure of foot deformities and may increase the clinician's ability to measure changes in foot deformity resulting from treatment intervention.
Adolescent↗