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Biomedical subjects

J Rhodes

Publications and source records attributed to J Rhodes.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Late presentation of ulcerative colitis in ex-smokers.

Details of the smoking history were obtained from 288 patients with ulcerative colitis who were more than 15 years of age when colitis developed. Men who had previously smoked presented with colitis at a later age than lifelong non-smokers (mean age difference 15.2 years). The proportion of ex-smokers in this group of patients with colitis was more than twice that expected in the general population. The interval between cessation of smoking and subsequent onset of colitis in ex-smokers was found to be relatively short and in two-thirds of patients occurred within seven years. A tentative model to explain the association between smoking and subsequent colitis is proposed. We suggest that whilst current smokers may have a lower incidence of colitis, ex-smokers appear to be at increased risk of developing the disease. An alternative explanation is that smoking may act in a manner analogous to sulphasalazine.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Endocrine pancreas in the rat model of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

A new technique to obstruct the pancreatic ducts was developed by injecting zein solution into the common bile duct of the rat. Four weeks after the injection, the fate of the endocrine pancreas was investigated by studying (a) pancreatic content of four pancreatic hormones, (b) histology and immunohistochemistry of the pancreas, (c) i.v. glucose tolerance and i.v. insulin tolerance tests for monitoring plasma glucose, insulin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels in vivo, and (d) in vitro perifusion of pancreatic tissue slices to assess insulin and PP secretion. In zein-injected rats, the total pancreatic content of insulin, glucagon, PP, and somatostatin was reduced to 80, 70, 40, and 20%, respectively, of the corresponding controls. In response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, the plasma PP levels rose to about one-half that of the controls. By contrast, perifused zein-injected rat pancreases released several times more PP than the controls in response to carbachol stimulation. In zein-injected rats, total pancreatic protein was reduced to 20% of the controls and pancreatic amylase was almost absent, reflecting practically complete loss of acinar tissue. Thus, this experimental model appears to be suitable for producing chronic pancreatic insufficiency in the rat and provides a useful model for studying both endocrine and exocrine functions in the small rodent.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Increased rate of spinal trabecular bone loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

The rate of spinal trabecular bone loss during one year was measured in 54 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The mean change in spinal bone mineral content was -5.1 mg/ml K2HPO4, representing 3% of the initial bone mineral content. The rate of bone loss showed a significant negative correlation with body mass index (r = -0.276, p less than 0.05) but no other significant correlations were found with other clinical or biochemical indices, including the total amount of prednisolone taken during the course of the study. Eleven patients had bone loss greater than 15 mg/ml/year; these included four non-steroid treated patients, two of whom had disease confined to the large bowel. The results indicate rapid rates of bone loss in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease over the course of one year. Although steroid therapy and malnutrition are likely to be contributory factors in some patients, other, as yet unidentified, risk factors also operate. The rapid bone loss observed in some patients emphasises the need for effective prophylactic regimes.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cardiff Crohn's disease jubilee: the incidence over 50 years.

The incidence of Crohn's disease in Cardiff between 1931 and 1985 has been examined using hospital diagnostic indices supplemented in recent years by records from clinicians, and the departments of pathology and radiology. Four hundred and seven new patients were confirmed after all notes had been reviewed. There has been a large increase from 0.18 cases/10(5) of the population per year in the 1930s to current values of 8.3/10(5)/year. The incidence continues to rise and shows an increasing proportion of patients with colorectal disease. Peak age specific incidences occur in the third and eighth decades of life.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Metabolism and urinary excretion of 5-amino salicylic acid in healthy volunteers when given intravenously or released for absorption at different sites in the gastrointestinal tract.

In six healthy subjects serum concentrations of 5 amino salicylic acid (5ASA) and acetyl 5ASA were measured for up to 24 hours, and urinary excretion over 48 hours. After an intravenous injection of 3.26 mmol 5ASA serum concentrations fell rapidly with a distribution half-life of 17 +/- 2 min and an elimination half-life of 42 +/- 5 min. After 45 minutes acetyl 5ASA became the dominant compound and after seven hours serum concentrations of both components were almost unrecordable. Orally ingested 5ASA in three preparations to ensure its release in the stomach, small intestine and ileocaecal region respectively gave lower serum concentrations and urinary excretion than those obtained after an intravenous infusion. Bioavailabilities which ranged from 19% for ileocaecal release to 75% for release in the upper gastrointestinal tract, were calculated from areas under the serum concentration curves. Urinary excretion of 5ASA and its acetyl metabolite over 48 hours was 78%, 52%, 55%, and 21% respectively of the dose given intravenously and orally for gastric, small intestinal and ileocaecal release.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Bone mineral content in spinal trabecular and peripheral cortical bone was measured in 75 unselected patients with small and/or large intestinal inflammatory bowel disease. Osteoporosis, defined as a bone mineral content greater than 2 SD below the age and sex matched normal mean value was present in 23 patients (30.6%). Three amenorrhoeic females aged 34, 38, and 42 years had severe clinical osteoporosis and a further three patients had one or more vertebral crush fractures. Eighteen of the 23 patients with osteoporosis had small intestinal disease with one or more resections and the mean lifetime steroid dose in those with osteoporosis was significantly higher than in those with normal bone mineral content. Bone mineral content in spinal trabecular bone showed significant negative correlations with lifetime steroid dose and serum alkaline phosphatase and a significant positive correlation with serum albumin. Peripheral cortical bone mineral content was positively correlated with body weight, height and body mass index. We conclude that the prevalence of osteoporosis is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, severe clinical osteoporosis developing in some relatively young patients. The pathogenesis of this bone loss is probably multifactorial; steroid therapy is likely to be an important contributory factor.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Trial of nifedipine for prevention of oesophageal spasm.

We have used a placebo controlled trial to investigate the effect of long-term administration of nifedipine in the prevention of symptomatic episodes of oesophageal spasm. Diary card scoring was used to assess symptoms in 8 patients with oesophageal spasm who were each given nifedipine and placebo for at least 6 weeks. No significant differences in symptoms between the nifedipine and placebo treatment periods were seen.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Time relationships between cessation of smoking and onset of ulcerative colitis.

From 5 centres 154 patients with ulcerative colitis and a history of smoking completed a questionnaire about the temporal relationship between diagnosis of colitis and cessation of smoking. One hundred and thirty-eight of these were ex-smokers and 107 (69.5%) had stopped smoking before the diagnosis of colitis was made. Fifty-six patients (52%) developed colitis within 3 years of stopping smoking. The findings suggest that smoking exerts protective effect against the development of ulcerative colitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Differences in character roles between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic homes.

The present study was an initial investigation to determine whether differences existed in role-prescribed behaviors between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic homes. Specifically, the study investigated Black's contention that children of alcoholics adopt one or more of the roles of responsible child, placater, adjuster, and acting-out child. The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) was used to identify responses to parental drinking behavior and the Children of Alcoholics Family Role Instrument (CAFRI) was developed to obtain a measure of subjects' perceptions of role behavior. The independent variable was group membership in either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic family and the dependent variables were the role scores on the CAFRI. Statistical comparisons of differences in individual roles between groups indicated that adolescents from alcoholic families rated themselves higher on the acting-out role with a prominent although nonsignificant tendency to exhibit behaviors characteristic of the placater and adjuster. A post-hoc analysis demonstrated no significant differences between roles on birth order or age. A significant effect for gender was evidenced on the placater role only, with females rating higher than males. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of a differential self-reported enactment of specific character roles between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic families.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1986

Antigen presentation by human monocytes: effects of modifying major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression and interleukin 1 production by using recombinant interferons and corticosteroids.

Lymphocyte proliferation in response to monocytes pulsed with an antigenic extract of Candida albicans was measured in vitro and the effects of modifying major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression at the surface of the antigen-presenting cells was investigated. The study shows that no simple correlation exists between changes in MHC class II antigen expression and changes in the effectiveness of antigen presentation. Recombinant interferon-alpha 1 (rIFN-alpha 1), rIFN-gamma and hydrocortisone were found to increase the expression of monocyte class II MHC antigens. In contrast, rIFN-alpha 2 did not increase class II antigen expression although it did increase MHC class I expression. Treatment of monocytes with rIFN-alpha 1, rIFN-alpha 2 or corticosteroids during antigen pulsing resulted in a reduction in the subsequent proliferative lymphocyte response. In all cases this inhibitory effect was restricted to antigen-specific proliferative responses since the polyclonal lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen-pulsed monocytes remained unaffected. Only rIFN-gamma treatment of antigen-pulsed monocytes resulted in enhancement of the subsequent specific lymphocyte proliferative response. The suppressive effects of hydrocortisone could not be attributed to its well documented inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid metabolism. The effect of C. albicans antigen, IFN and corticosteroids on interleukin 1 (IL 1) production by monocytes was also investigated. C. albicans antigen alone induced IL 1 production. So too did IFN-alpha 1 and IFN-gamma. IFN-alpha 2 did not induce IL 1 production. Addition of interferons together with C. albicans, however, resulted in the same level of IL 1 productions as with C. albicans antigen alone. Neither antigen nor IFN had any effect on IL 1 action in the thymocyte assay. Corticosteroids did not affect IL 1 production by monocytes but were potent antagonists of IL 1 in the thymocyte proliferation assay. Mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation was also inhibited by corticosteroids. Pretreatment of monocytes with hydrocortisone followed by washing did not markedly affect their subsequent ability to produce IL 1 neither was it possible to reverse the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone on antigen presentation by addition of exogenous IL 1. Thus, signals which alter class II MHC antigen expression influence the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes by a mechanism independent of IL 1. No simple correlation exists between class II expression and antigen-presenting capacity.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1986

Antibody response to anaerobic coccoid rods in Crohn's disease.

The IgG and IgM specific antibodies against a panel of 23 anaerobic gut bacteria were examined in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and healthy controls. Four of the organisms, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Coprococcus comes (ME46), Coprococcus comes (Sp4), and Eubacterium limosum gave abnormal antibody titres in Crohn's disease compared with those of controls. In Crohn's disease specific IgG antibodies to three of the organisms were low and the IgM antibodies were higher than those of controls. IgM antibodies were also raised in ulcerative colitis. Antigenic cross reactivity could be shown between some of these organisms. The possible clinical importance of these abnormal antibody responses to specific organisms is unexplained.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1986

Male fertility in Crohn's disease.

The fertility of 70 men with Crohn's disease and a group of age matched controls were compared. Crohn's disease was associated with a significant reduction in family size independent of steroid or sulphasalazine treatment.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1986

Effect of prostaglandin PGE2 on alcohol-induced ulceration in the rat colon.

The effect of pretreatment with topical prostaglandin E2, prednisolone and sulphasalazine in experimental colitis has been examined in the rat colon. Only prostaglandin E2 treatment significantly reduced mucosal ulceration. Long-term exposure of the rat colon to topical ethanol produced some of the histological changes seen in human colitis.

Animals↗