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Biomedical subjects

J Rhodes

Publications and source records attributed to J Rhodes.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Crohn's disease in Jewish people--an epidemiological study in south-east Wales.

The prevalence of Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of south-east Wales was established by a postal survey, review of case notes and a survey of Jewish congregations in the three synagogues of the area. The prevalence of Crohn's disease had been established in various earlier studies at 52/10(5). Seven Jewish patients were identified amongst a population of between 1,750 and 2,500. The prevalence ranged from 280 to 400/10(5) (95% confidence interval 120-862/10(5]. There was no significant difference in prevalence between orthodox and reformed Jews. Jewish people are at a relative risk of developing Crohn's disease of 5.4-7.7 (95% confidence interval 2.3-17.2, p less than 0.001), but the role of diet is yet to be established.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A small phospholipase inhibitory factor released by cultured cell lines.

Cells of the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW264 release a dialysable inhibitor of phospholipase activity into their culture medium. This inhibitor can be detected in saline solution, Hanks solution and a variety of tissue culture media in the presence or absence of serum. The inhibitor is stable at 4 degrees C, unaffected by trypsin, nucleases, or boiling, and partially extractable with chloroform/methanol. The release of both arachidonic acid and prostaglandins from mouse macrophages or human monocytes is inhibited by this material. A variety of other cell types release the inhibitor, which is effective against stimulation of arachidonic acid release from cultured macrophages by zymosan, serum, immune complexes and the calcium ionophore A23187.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Female gender is a major determinant of changing subsite distribution of colorectal cancer with age.

Distribution by subsite and sector of 948 colorectal cancers diagnosed in Kansas in 1982 was analyzed in respect to sex and age in a population-based study. Regression analysis of percentage versus age showed decreasing left, increasing right, and unchanged transverse colon occurrence of cancer for both sexes. However, this was statistically significant only for women; left, -0.7066% per year (P = 0.0088) and right +0.6023% per year (P = 0.0012). Regression for seven subsites showed significant changes only for women; with rectosigmoid and sigmoid decreasing and cecum and ascending colon increasing. Similar results were obtained in analysis of the 5822 cases available in the Kansas cancer registry for the years 1978 to 1982. These findings have important implications for screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer in the elderly, particularly women, and also provide a useful clue in the investigation of colorectal carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Macrophage Fc gamma 2b receptor expression and receptor-mediated phospholipase activity: regulation by endogenous eicosanoids.

The expression of Fc gamma 2b receptors and receptor-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism by murine peritoneal macrophages was examined in vitro. The expression of Fc gamma 2b receptors was found to increase progressively with time in culture and this increase was dependent on protein synthesis and glycosylation. The increase in Fc gamma 2b receptor expression was inhibited by hydrocortisone and by BW755C, an inhibitor of both the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Inhibition by BW755C was found to be reversed in the presence of exogenous leukotriene D4. In contrast, selective inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway by indomethacin enhanced the increase in receptor expression. This enhancement was only partially reversed by exogenous prostaglandin (PG)E2. Interaction of the Fc gamma 2b receptor with ligand in the form of erythrocytes specifically sensitized with IgG2b resulted in the release and subsequent metabolism of arachidonic acid. PGE2 was found to be the principal product. Occupation of the Fc gamma 2a receptor did not result in arachidonic acid release. Down regulation of Fc gamma 2b receptor expression produced a commensurate reduction in receptor-mediated phospholipase activity measured by arachidonic acid release. Macrophages cultured for 24 h in the presence of fetal calf serum without additional stimuli produced substantial amounts of eicosanoids. PGI2 was the principal product. Taken together these data demonstrate a potential feedback regulation of receptor-triggered arachidonic acid metabolism by eicosanoids acting at the level of Fc gamma 2b receptor expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Bile exclusion from the duodenum. Its effect on gastric and pancreatic function in the dog.

The effect of diverting bile from the duodenum in four dogs with cholecystojejunostomy was studied using a double-marker perfusion technique. After the diversion procedure, a liquid meal increased acid secretion from 0.8 mmol H+/min to 1.48 mmol H+/min (P less than 0.05, paired t test); there was an associated rise in serum levels of gastrin 120 min after feeding (P less than 0.001, paired t test). Pancreatic secretion of trypsin decreased from 3.91 IU/min to 2.66 IU/min after bile diversion (P less than 0.01, paired t test), and the level of CCK was significantly lower 60 min after feeding (P less than 0.05, paired t test). There was no significant change in the rate of gastric emptying after bile diversion, but the pH of duodenal contents was lower in the later stages of digestion. These changes may explain the reported increase of peptic ulcer after diverting bile from the duodenum, and the procedure should not be considered unless the consequences of acid hypersecretion and pancreatic inhibition have been anticipated.

Amylases↗
PubMed1985

Precision of anthropometric measurements: the value of mid-arm circumference.

A study was carried out to examine how reproducible anthropometric measurements were within and between two observers on a group of 24 normal subjects and 20 obese individuals. A further study was performed on 28 malnourished patients with Crohn's disease undergoing a controlled trial of nutritional therapy to assess how weight change correlated with other anthropometric parameters. The measurement that was most reproducible and correlated most with weight change was mid-arm circumference. As it is the simplest measurement to perform, we would recommend that it is used more often in nutritional studies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Undernutrition in Crohn's disease: an anthropometric assessment.

Anthropometric measurements of weight, arm-muscle area and arm-fat area were assessed in 106 unselected patients with Crohn's disease, and related to centiles derived from the United States Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971-1974. Results were compared with those obtained in 106 patients with ulcerative colitis and 106 healthy subjects, age and sex-matched with the Crohn's patients. Measurements in healthy subjects and in patients with ulcerative colitis showed a normal centile distribution with the expected proportion falling below the 5th centile. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of patients with Crohn's disease had measurements below the 5th centile, indicating depleted muscle and fat stores.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease amongst Mormons in Britain and Ireland.

The prevalence of Crohn's disease (79/10(5)), ulcerative colitis (389/10(5)) and appendicectomy (2751/10(5)) were measured in a survey of the Mormon church in Britain and Ireland. Details were obtained from 230 of the 342 branches in Britain which had a membership of 56,000 people although only 17,700 people were active members. The prevalence of Crohn's disease was comparable to that reported from various centres in Britain, but ulcerative colitis was significantly commoner amongst Mormons while the frequency of appendicectomy was significantly reduced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Angina-like esophageal pain: differentiation from cardiac pain by history.

Consecutive patients coming as an emergency with chest pain due to myocardial ischemia or esophageal disease were interviewed on admission to the hospital, before they had been fully investigated. Classical features of angina pectoris were equally common in both groups and "crescendo angina" was often found in patients with esophageal disease. Features that helped to distinguish esophageal from cardiac pain were: an atypical response to exercise, pain that continued as a background ache, retrosternal pain without lateral radiation, pain that disturbed sleep, and the presence of certain esophageal symptoms. A positive diagnosis will be made more often in cases of suspected but unsubstantiated coronary disease by clinicians who are aware that esophageal pain and angina may be indistinguishable.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1985

Absorption of delayed-release prednisolone in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

The absorption and urinary excretion of [3H]prednisolone after oral ingestion was examined using hard gelatin capsules with and without a coating of Eudragit-S which delayed release of the contents. In 6 patients with ulcerative colitis absorption was delayed until the preparation reached the colon but the total absorption was unchanged. In 6 patients with Crohn's disease and ileal strictures the preparation broke proximal to the stricture and absorption was delayed until this occurred (within 4-12 h). In 5 patients with Crohn's disease and intestinal resections the capsules broke unreliably.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Vitamin D status in Crohn's disease: association with nutrition and disease activity.

Forty patients with Crohn's disease were divided into undernourished (18) and well nourished (22) groups depending on whether their midarm circumference was below or above 90% of the ideal standard. Plasma 25-(OH)D3 and the dihydroxylated metabolites, 24,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 were measured in the summer. Results were related to clinical and biochemical parameters and also compared with results from patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy subjects who served as controls. Plasma 25-(OH)D3 was reduced in the undernourished Crohn's group compared with the well nourished Crohn's group, who did not differ from the controls. Over 50% of the undernourished Crohn's group had evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and raised alkaline phosphatase concentrations, although concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 were normal. The low 25-(OH)D3 concentrations related to disease activity. It is suggested that undernourished Crohn's patients who have high levels of disease activity are at risk of vitamin D deficiency, and attempts should be made to improve their vitamin D nutrition.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3↗
PubMed1985

Efficiency of anthropometric indicators in the assessment of protein nutrition in Crohn's disease.

A comparison was made of the efficiency of different anthropometric indicators in assessing serum albumin and prealbumin concentrations in 60 adult patients with Crohn's disease. Indicators included weight, mid-arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness at different cut-off points of reference (Jelliffe, 1966) and at the 5th percentile. Mid-arm circumference at 90 per cent reference gave the most significant separation of serum albumin and prealbumin, and protein concentrations in patients whose mid-arm circumference was at or above 90 per cent reference approached most closely the values obtained in healthy subjects. Mid-arm circumference is a simple and reproducible measurement, and the results support the suggestion that it is a useful indicator for assessing protein nutrition in Crohn's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Hydrocortisone inhibits prostaglandin production but not arachidonic acid release from cultured macrophages.

We have investigated the action of hydrocortisosone on arachidonic acid mobilisation in cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, mouse L929 cells and the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW264. Hydrocortisone inhibits both arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin production by L929 cells. However, prostaglandin production by macrophages or RAW264 cells is inhibited with a concomitant stimulation rather than inhibition of arachidonic acid release. These data suggest that hydrocortisone acts at the level of phospholipase activity in fibroblasts but at a later stage of prostanoid production in macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Human tumour-induced inhibition of interferon action in vitro: reversal of inhibition by beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A).

Inhibitors of human interferon action that might be relevant to tumour resistance or escape mechanisms were investigated in a macrophage system. The effects of IFN on macrophage Fc gamma receptor expression were inhibited by three preparations: (1) a low-molecular-weight component of normal autologous serum; (2) a low-molecular-weight component of carcinoma supernatant; and (3) physiological concentrations of retinol and retinoic acid. Since human carcinoma tissue contains abnormally high levels of retinoic acid-binding protein, the possibility that a tumour-associated retinoid contributes to tumour-induced inhibition in vitro was investigated. Inhibition of IFN action in vitro by retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) was found to be reversed by beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A). When tested in the tumour system beta-carotene also reversed inhibition by the human-carcinoma-derived signal. These data are consistent with the view that at least one of the tumour-derived signals inhibitory towards IFN is a tumour-associated retinoid, although firm evidence for this must await further physicochemical characterization of the inhibitory signal(s). The present data clearly show, nevertheless, that human tumour-induced inhibition of IFN in vitro can be reversed by the pro-vitamin beta-carotene.

Carotenoids↗