Listening: what are the listener's responsibilities?
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Attention↗
Biomedical subjects
J Reilly
Publications and source records attributed to J Reilly.
Effects of serum proteins on estrogen action in the perfused rat liver.
To determine the effects of serum proteins on the biologic activity of estrogens, we perfused isolated livers from ovariectomized female rats with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate buffer (KHBB), with and without 4% human serum albumin (4% HSA), with and without added estrogens, or with charcoal-stripped human serum (CSHS) with and without added estradiol. At the end of the perfusions, the cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptors were measured by an exchange assay. When added to KHBB, estradiol 10(-9) or 10(-8) M or estrone 10(-8) M did not cause any significant increase in the percent of receptors measured in the nucleus. When the livers were perfused with KHBB containing 4% HSA and estradiol 10(-9) to 10(-7) M or estrone 10(-8) M, there was an increase in nuclear receptors. Perfusion with estradiol 10(-8) M in CSHS resulted in significantly less receptor in the nucleus than after estradiol in KHBB plus 4% HSA. We conclude that the presence of 4% HSA in the perfusion medium increases the biologic activity of estradiol and estrone on the isolated rat liver, and this increase is inhibited in the presence of sex hormone-binding globulin. The exact mechanism by which HSA increases the biologic activity is uncertain, but may be due in part to better diffusion of estrogen through the liver.
Animals↗
Morphometric analysis of reticular and elastin fibers in the cerebral arteries of patients with intracranial aneurysms.
Elastin and reticular fibers were identified using standard histological strains in middle cerebral arteries taken from patients who had died from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and control patients who did not have cerebral aneurysms. Examination of cerebral arteries from normal individuals revealed a dense network of fine reticular fibers in the arterial media that were uniformly distributed. Computerized morphometric analysis indicated that reticular fibers in the arterial media of cerebral arteries were significantly decreased in patients with aneurysms. In addition, these fibers were irregularly distributed and shortened when compared to those seen in control arteries. In both patients with aneurysms and control patients, elastin fibers were limited almost exclusively to the internal elastin lamina. No differences were observed in the appearance or content of elastin fibers in control patients and patients with aneurysm. Although other explanations cannot be excluded, these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that "intrinsic" abnormalities in the walls of cerebral arteries lead to conditions that favor the formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysms.
Aged↗
Reconstruction of the cervical esophagus: free jejunal transfer versus gastric pull-up.
Use of enteric grafts is a popular method for reconstruction of the cervical esophagus and hypopharynx. Free jejunal transfer (FJT) and gastric pull-up (GP) are the most popular methods used. This discussion is a retrospective review of our experience with 50 cases of free jejunal transfer and 15 cases of gastric pull-up. The graft survival rate was 94 percent (47 of 50) for free jejunal transfer and 87 percent (13 of 15) for gastric pull-up. Successful swallowing was achieved in 88 percent (44 of 50) of free jejunal transfers and 87 percent (13 of 15) of gastric pull-ups. Patients with free jejunal transfers were able to swallow and leave the hospital sooner: 10.6 versus 16.0 days and 22.3 versus 29.0 days, respectively. Fistulas occurred in 16 percent (8 of 50) of free jejunal transfers, most of which (6 of 8) healed spontaneously. Fistulas occurred in 20 percent (3 of 15) of gastric pull-ups, only one of which healed spontaneously. Stricture was the most common late complication for free jejunal transfers, 22 percent (11 of 50), whereas reflux was most common in gastric pull-ups, 20 percent (3 of 15). In patients with advanced cancer, extensive esophageal resection into the chest is often required, and gastric pull-up seems to be an easier and more direct form of reconstruction. In limited resection of the hypopharynx and esophagus, especially with proximal lesions, free jejunal transfer is simpler and avoids mediastinal dissection. This concept as well as other advantages and disadvantages of both techniques will be discussed.
Adolescent↗
Contribution of abnormal muscle and liver glucose metabolism to postprandial hyperglycemia in NIDDM.
To assess the role of muscle and liver in the pathogenesis of postprandial hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we administered an oral glucose load enriched with [14C]glucose to 10 NIDDM subjects and 10 age- and weight-matched nondiabetic volunteers and compared muscle glucose disposal by measuring forearm balance of glucose, lactate, alanine, O2, and CO2 (with forearm calorimetry). In addition, we used the dual-lable isotope method to compare overall rates of glucose appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd), suppression of endogenous glucose output, and splanchnic glucose sequestration. During the initial 1-1.5 h after glucose ingestion, plasma glucose increased by approximately 8 mM in NIDDM vs. approximately 3 mM in nondiabetic subjects (P less than 0.01); overall glucose Ra was nearly 11 g greater in NIDDM than nondiabetic subjects (45.1 +/- 2.3 vs. 34.4 +/- 1.5 g, P less than 0.01), but glucose Rd was not significantly different in NIDDM (35.1 +/- 2.4 g) and nondiabetic (33.3 +/- 2.7 g) subjects. The greater overall glucose Ra of NIDDM subjects was due to 6.8 g greater endogenous glucose output (13.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 6.8 +/- 1.0 g, P less than 0.01) and 3.8 g less oral glucose splanchnic sequestration of the oral load (31.4 +/- 1.5 vs. 27.5 +/- 0.9 g, P less than 0.05). Although glucose taken up by muscle was not significantly different in NIDDM and nondiabetic subjects (39.3 +/- 3.5 vs. 41.0 +/- 2.5 g/5 h), a greater amount of the glucose taken up by muscle in NIDDM was released as lactate and alanine (11.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.3 g in nondiabetic subjects, P less than 0.01), and less was stored (11.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 16.9 +/- 1.5 g, P less than 0.05). We conclude that increased systemic glucose delivery, due primarily to reduced suppression of endogenous hepatic glucose output and, to a lesser extent, reduced splanchnic glucose sequestration, is the predominant factor responsible for postprandial hyperglycemia in NIDDM.
Administration, Oral↗
Contribution of impaired muscle glucose clearance to reduced postabsorptive systemic glucose clearance in NIDDM.
The reduced postabsorptive rates of systemic glucose clearance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are thought to be the consequence of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Although the peripheral tissues involved have not been identified, it is generally assumed to be primarily muscle, the major site of insulin-mediated glucose disposal. To test this hypothesis, we measured postabsorptive systemic and forearm glucose utilization and clearance in 15 volunteers with NIDDM and 15 age- and weight-matched nondiabetic volunteers. Although systemic glucose utilization was increased in NIDDM subjects (14.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 11.2 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.001), systemic glucose clearance was reduced 1.40 +/- 0.06 vs. 2.13 +/- 0.05 ml.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.01). Although forearm glucose utilization was increased in NIDDM subjects (0.663 +/- 0.058 vs. 0.411 +/- 0.019 mumol.dl-1.min-1, P less than 0.001), forearm glucose dl-1 clearance was reduced (0.628 +/- 0.044 vs. 0.774 +/- 0.037 ml.L-1.min-1, P less than 0.01). However, extrapolation of forearm data to total-body muscle indicated that impaired clearance reduced muscle glucose disposal by only 61 +/- 21 mumol/min, whereas impaired systemic clearance reduced systemic glucose disposal by 662 +/- 82 mumol/min. Thus, impaired muscle glucose clearance accounted for less than 10% of the reduced systemic glucose clearance in NIDDM subjects. Therefore, we conclude that muscle insulin resistance plays only a minor role in the reduced systemic glucose clearance found in NIDDM in the postabsorptive state and propose that reduced brain glucose clearance is largely responsible.
Blood Glucose↗
The Nurse in Washington Internship Program.
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District of Columbia↗
The effects of 0.025% hyoscine hydrobromide eyedrops on visual function in man.
Instillation of three drops of 0.025% hyoscine hydrobromide into one eye at 5 min intervals caused a mydriasis and cycloplegia of rapid onset and of 4-6 days' duration; this was similar to the previously reported actions of concentrations of up to 0.5%. After refraction for the working distance of the experiments, contrast sensitivity to stationary oscilloscope-generated grating patterns of 10 and 20 c/deg was unaffected despite the mydriasis. Also, contrast sensitivity to laser interference fringes of 10 and 20 c/deg observed in the Maxwellian view, in which the effects of the ocular media are bypassed, was unaffected. Contrast sensitivity to a 3 c/deg phase-reversed grating pattern was, however, transiently reduced by 40% after hyoscine. A second series of experiments showed a deleterious effect of hyoscine on contrast sensitivity to both stationary and phase-reversed grating patterns of 2, 3 and 5 c/deg while contrast sensitivity at 10 c/deg was not consistently affected. These results were explained by a direct deleterious action of hyoscine at the level of the retina, specific to channels that detect low spatial frequencies.
Accommodation, Ocular↗
The pattern visual evoked cortical response in human ageing.
The N1, P1, N2 and P2 components of the pattern visual evoked response (PVER) have been recorded to the onset of presentation of a sinusoidal grating pattern of 3 and 8 cycles/deg in groups of young (15-34 years) and old (53-94 years) subjects. The negative components were taken to arise from striate cortex and the positive components from extrastriate cortex. For grating contrasts of 3-40%, the time-to-peak of the N1, P1 and N2 components, but not the P2 component, increased with age while the amplitude and rise time showed no consistent changes. Comparisons between 3 and 8 cycles/deg revealed a longer time-to-peak of N1 and P1 at 8 cycles/deg within the young group though not within the old group, i.e. an additional increment in the time-to-peak had occurred at 3 cycles/deg with ageing. This was also reflected for grating contrasts which were multiples of each individual's contrast threshold, irrespective of age. Now, the time-to-peak of N1, P1 and N2 was similar in young and old groups at 8 cycles/deg. At 3 cycles/deg, however, the time-to-peak was still longer in the old group, though the intervals between components were similar to those of the young group. This suggested the requirement for a further increment in contrast to make the time-to-peak similar, due to a selective loss of sensitivity in ageing within the low-spatial-frequency channels which are additionally sensitive to temporal modulation. Thus, it appeared that, by incrementing the stimulus contrast by the appropriate amount, the PVER of the old group could be made to resemble that of the young group. These results are consistent with the occurrence of neural changes during ageing in the retino-geniculate pathway prior to the visual cortex.
Adolescent↗
Cytological diagnosis of breast cancer.
One hundred thirty-one fine-needle aspirations and 85 nipple discharge smears were evaluated cytologically and correlated with histological diagnoses and with clinical impressions. This study demonstrates that cytological diagnosis of breast lesions is a useful and clinically accurate procedure.
Biopsy, Needle↗
Effect of serum proteins on estrogen-mediated receptor translocation in the superfused rat uterus.
In order to examine the effects of serum proteins on the biologic activity of estrogens, we superfused uteri from ovariectomized rats with Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRP), 4% human serum albumin (HSA) in KR or charcoal-stripped human plasma (HP), alone or with estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) or estriol (E3), 5 x 10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M. Following superfusion, the uteri were homogenized and the cytosol and nuclear receptors were measured by an exchange technique. Since we could detect no significant difference in the percent of receptors in the nucleus when the time of superfusion was varied from 30-120 min, all studies were done using a 30 min superfusion at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. In control studies using KRP alone (n = 12) 23.8 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SEM) of the receptors were present in the nucleus at the end of the 30 min superfusion. Addition of E1, E2 or E3 5 x 10(-10) M resulted in a significant increase compared to controls in the percent of receptors in the nucleus. The percent of nuclear receptors was significantly greater for E2 and E3 (46.5 +/- 3.2% and 43.6 +/- 1.8%) compared to E1 (34.0 +/- 0.9%). Superfusions of uteri with either E2 or E3 at 10(-9) M or 10(-8) M resulted in a significantly greater percent of nuclear receptors compared to equimolar infusions of E1. When uteri were superfused with E1 at 5 x 10(-10), 10(-9) or 10(-8) M or with E3 at 5 x 10(-10) or 10(-9) M in HSA or HP the percent of nuclear receptors was not different compared to the respective infusion of equimolar concentrations of E1 or E3 in KR. However, superfusions of E2 5 x 10(-10), 10(-9) or 10(-8) M in HSA or HP resulted in a significant decrease in the percent nuclear receptors compared to the percent after equimolar superfusions of E2 in KR. Superfusions of E2 in HSA or HP resulted in the same percent of receptors in the nucleus. The percent of receptors in the nucleus increased with increasing concentrations of E2, but at each concentration the percent of receptors was the same with HA as with HP. Using the percent of nuclear receptors as an index of biological activity, E1 has less activity than either E2 or E3. Interaction with serum proteins does not modulate the activities of either E1 or E3, except at the concentration of 10(-8) M for E3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
The rectification properties of an electrode-electrolyte interface operated at high sinusoidal current density.
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Biomedical Engineering↗
Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-induced luteinizing hormone surge.
The studies reported in this paper were undertaken to investigate the effect of chronic (10 day) alcohol consumption on female pituitary-gonadal function. The immature female rat model treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) was used since it results in a highly reproducible luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and ovulation. Twenty-day-old female rats were placed on diets that were either (1) unrestricted (ad libitum); (2) contained 5% ethanol in a liquid diet, or (3) isocalorically pair-fed with the liquid diet to the ethanol group. After 10 days on their respective diets, the groups were subdivided and given either 8 IU of PMSG in 0.1 ml saline or 0.1 ml saline s.c. between 10.00 and 11.00 h. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at 24, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60 and 62 h after injection. Trunk blood was obtained for serum measurements of LH. The uteri were weighed and prepared for the histological study. In all dietary groups, serum LH levels were significantly higher in the PMSG-treated animals when compared to the saline controls at all time intervals with the exception of the alcohol 58-hour group. In the ad libitum animals, plasma LH concentrations were highest at 52 h following hormone administration. The serum LH concentrations were highest at 56 h after hormone administration in the pair-fed group and were significantly less than the ad libitum group at 52, 54, 56, and 58 h after PMSG stimulation. No significant plasma LH surge was observed in the alcohol group and the LH concentrations were significantly less than the pair-fed rats at 56 and 58 h after PMSG treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alcoholism↗
An assessment of decision-making as a possible factor in the age-related loss of contrast sensitivity.
The possibility that changes in decision-making may contribute to the age-related decline in contrast sensitivity has been investigated in nineteen young subjects (ages 21-38 years) and twenty-seven old subjects (ages 55-92 years). A signal detection paradigm was employed in which the detection of stationary sinusoidal grating patterns was measured at 3 and 15 cycles deg-1 for a range of contrasts which were psychophysically equivalent for each subject. A decline in contrast sensitivity with age at the spatial frequencies studied was confirmed for contrast thresholds obtained both by the ascending method and from the 50% hit rate for detection of the grating pattern. The criterion adopted for decision-making, expressed as both beta and percentage bias, did not change significantly between young and old subjects at 15 cycles deg-1. At 3 cycles deg-1, criterion beta did not change significantly at X0.8, X1.0, or X1.2 contrast threshold, but at contrast giving 50% hit rate there was a significant increase with age. The percentage bias increased significantly at contrast threshold but not at 50% hit rate. It is inferred from the results that the loss of contrast sensitivity was not accountable in terms of the adoption of a more conservative criterion by older subjects. Hence visual loss in ageing is attributed to changes within the visual pathway rather than within higher decision-making centres.
Adult↗
MHDC a convener for voluntary system.
The Michigan Health Data Corporation is a major reason why Michigan enjoys voluntary handling of health care data, it is also a potential cornerstone for continuance of a voluntary, but controlled, vehicle for exchanging necessary information.
Health Planning Organizations↗
Clinical evaluation of platelet concentrates stored for one to five days.
There are no large-scale data available describing the increments obtained with platelet concentrates stored for varying durations. Platelet concentrates prepared by standard techniques were stored at 22 degrees C with horizontal agitation in PL-732 bags and administered to clinically stable, nonalloimmunized recipients known to respond well to random donor platelet transfusions. The platelet concentrates were stored in a mean volume of 65.0 mL (range 54-80 mL) with an average yield of .72 X 10(11) platelets per unit of platelet concentrates (N = 100 consecutive units). There was no significant deterioration of pH during storage. Mean corrected count increments ranged between 16,600 (N = 146 transfusions) after 1 day of storage to 13,300 (N = 34 transfusions) after 5 days of storage. Although these differences were statistically significant (P less than .003, analysis of variance), the overall deterioration in increments was quite modest. Platelet concentrates can be stored under standard conditions for 1 to 5 days with acceptable clinical results.
Blood Specimen Collection↗
Haemolytic anaemia in two dogs suspected to have been induced by levamisole.
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Anemia, Hemolytic↗
The reappearance of a classical epidemic of infectious hepatitis in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Worcester, MA, experienced an outbreak of hepatitis during 1969-1970, an expected event which had occurred previously at eight-year intervals since reporting of the disease began in 1950. Other Massachusetts communities of similar character and the nation did not experience an epidemic during that same period. An extensive epidemiologic study of the disease illustrated that the epidemic followed the classical pattern in which individuals 5-14 years old were most affected irrespective of sex. During the interepidemic years from 1968-1972 in Worcester, and in all years (1968-1972) in both New Bedford and Springfield, MA, those primarily affected were young adults 15-30 years old, with male cases predominating. Sociodemographic statistical analyses also indicated the classical pattern of the less affluent, less educated, and sometimes the more crowded populations being at greater risk of contracting the disease. This outbreak of hepatitis was comparable to another in Greenland two years later in which immunologic methods differentiated between type A and type B viral infections. The data from both studies support the conclusion that the type B virus, often associated with parenteral drug use, is the predominate infectious agent during the interepidemic (endemic) periods. The type A virus is most likely responsible for the periodic epidemics.
Adolescent↗