Biomedical subjects
J R Goodman
Publications and source records attributed to J R Goodman.
From rickets' to Alzheimer's: a meandering journey.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Root resorption in retained deciduous canine and molar teeth without permanent successors in patients with severe hypodontia.
AIMS: The ability to predict the morbidity of retained deciduous teeth with no permanent successors, a characteristic of hypodontia, would be of considerable value in treatment planning, but is hampered by lack of data. METHODS: This problem was studied using 356 orthopantomogram radiographs (OPGs) from the records of 249 patients who had attended a specialist hypodontia clinic, and had retained deciduous teeth with no permanent successors. Due to their clinical importance, canine and molar teeth were chosen for examination. Resorption was assessed subjectively by three experienced clinicians. RESULTS: Un-weighted Kappa values for reproducibility were > 0.8, and for interobserver error 0.60-0.83. Gender related differences were minimal. Regardless of gender or radiographic age, the lower canines appear to show the least amount of resorption and the upper first molars the most. The upper and lower second molars have particularly unpredictable life spans. Whilst the lower first molars have a predictable life span that is poor, the life span for the upper first molars is slightly worse. CONCLUSIONS: Lower canines have a predictable life span that appears to be good, as do upper canines, but of lesser duration than lower canines. Molars have poorer and less predictable life spans.
Quantitation of the five forms of plasma high molecular weight angiotensinogen in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension.
In the human pregnant state a high molecular weight form of angiotensinogen (HMrA) is present in significant quantities in addition to the usual low molecular weight angiotensinogen (LMrA). In a previous study involving a small number of white women, it was found that women who had developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) had significantly higher levels of plasma HMrA. It has been determined that there are five isoforms of HMrA. The objectives of this study were to expand the previous study with the inclusion of black women and to determine which isoform(s) of plasma HMrA are elevated in PIH. Plasma LMrA and HMrA were quantitated in 24 normotensive pregnant women and 65 women with PIH. The PIH group had higher levels of HMrA and somewhat lower levels of LMrA than the normotensive group. The HMrA/LMrA ratio was elevated in 47% of the PIH group. The five isoforms of HMrA were quantitated in plasma from 10 white women with PIH, 10 black women with PIH, and 6 normotensive pregnant white women. Half of both the white and black women with PIH had an elevated HMrA/LMrA ratio. The relative proportion of the HMrA isomers was similar in all groups. These studies show that half the women with PIH have a distinct abnormality in their renin angiotensin system. Both white and black women show this abnormality. In those women who have an elevated total HMrA, all five isoforms of HMrA are equally elevated.
Incontinentia pigmenti: seven cases with dental manifestations.
Incontinentia Pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) is an uncommon genodermatosis that usually affects female infants. The condition is characterized by four cutaneous stages and is frequently associated with dental, ocular, central nervous system and structural anomalies. A large case series of seven patients, all female, who presented to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at the Eastman Dental Hospital over the last 16 years is reported. The dental features of these cases were typical and included missing teeth, microdontia and delayed eruption. In two of the seven cases, both maxillary canines were palatally impacted.
To reuse your circuit: the HME debate.
Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) have been used for more than 30 years for heat and moisture retention during general anesthesia. Studies about bacteriostatic vs nonbacteriostatic HMEs (BHMEs/NHMEs) have been conducted to assess their role in preventing bacterial transmission to the anesthesia breathing circuit; none have been done on anesthetized patients in the operating room. The present study adds to existing knowledge about the HME's ability to prevent transmission of bacteria, with implications for cost reduction resulting from reuse of anesthesia breathing circuits among patients. The chi 2 test revealed no statistically significant differences between groups in transmission of bacteria from endotracheal tube (ETT) to anesthesia breathing circuit (P = .48). However, both groups showed statistically significant differences between presence of bacteria in ETTs and anesthesia breathing circuits: Group 1, BHME (P < .005) and group 2, NHME (P < .005). Neither HME prevented contamination of the machine side of the circuit. These results support not reusing breathing circuits. Of 53 participants in group 2, 28 had positive ETT cultures with 7 showing transmission to anesthesia breathing circuit. Of 46 participants in group 1, 28 had positive ETT cultures with 9 showing transmission to anesthesia breathing circuit.
Dental problems associated with hypophosphataemic vitamin D resistant rickets.
OBJECTIVE: To review a series of cases of hypophosphataemic vitamin D resistant rickets. SUBJECTS INCLUDED: Seventeen cases, aged between 2 years 1 month and 15 years 9 months at first referral, and with an established diagnosis of vitamin D resistant rickets from twelve families were included in the review. Information was drawn from patient records for follow-up periods between 9 months and 20 years 4 months. SETTING: All subjects had been referred to the Eastman Dental Hospital between 1973 and 1997. FINDINGS: Abscessed non-carious primary and/or permanent teeth were a presenting feature in eleven of the seventeen cases. Although attrition and exposure of the abnormally formed dentine accounted for the route of infection in primary teeth, the route for microbial invasion of pulpal tissues in permanent teeth remained unexplained in a number of patients. The possible part played by infractures of the enamel as a portal of entry for infection is discussed. Enamel defects were observed in only six patients, in three of whom these changes were limited to the primary dentition. Taurodontism of permanent molar teeth was confirmed as a feature of the condition in the more severely affected male subjects.
Mycobacterium avium infection of gut mucosa in mice associated with late inflammatory response and intestinal cell necrosis.
Mycobacterium avium is an intracellular pathogen that is associated with disseminated infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS appear to acquire M. avium mainly through the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies have shown that healthy mice given M. avium orally develop disseminated infection after 2-4 weeks. The chief site of M. avium invasion of the intestinal mucosa is the terminal ileum. To learn more about the pathophysiology of M. avium infection of the intestinal mucosa, C57BL/6 bg+ bg+ mice were infected orally with M. avium strain 101 and groups of six mice were killed each week for 8 weeks. The terminal ileum was then prepared for histopathological studies and electron microscopy. A delayed inflammatory response was observed and influx of neutrophils in the Peyer's patches was the only abnormality seen at 1 week. A severe inflammatory response was seen from week 2 to week 5 and necrosis of intestinal villi was observed 6 weeks after infection. These results indicate that invasion and infection of the normal intestine by M. avium results in a severe inflammatory response with segmental necrosis of the intestinal mucosa.
Severe Infra-occlusion and failed eruption of deciduous molars associated with eruptive and developmental disturbances in the permanent dentition: a report of 28 selected cases.
Retrospective analysis of 28 children suffering from severe infra-occlusion and/or primary failure of eruption of deciduous molars revealed an association with eruptive and developmental disturbances in the permanent dentition, including ectopically placed teeth and aplasia of teeth. Taurodont permanent molars were evident in 19 of the 28 selected cases which suggests a possible developmental relationship between these factors. Problems in relation to treatment of these cases are discussed.
Growth within macrophages increases the efficiency of Mycobacterium avium in invading other macrophages by a complement receptor-independent pathway.
Infections caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex occur in approximately 50 to 60% of patients with AIDS. M. avium is an intracellular pathogen that survives and multiplies within mononuclear phagocytes. In this study, we investigated the uptake of M. avium grown within macrophages (intracellular growth M. avium [IG]) by a second macrophage compared with M. avium cultured in broth (extracellular growth M. avium [EG]). The results showed that IG was six- to eightfold more efficient than EG in entering macrophages. In addition, while an anti-CR3 antibody was able to inhibit approximately 60% of EG uptake by macrophages, it failed to inhibit the entry of IG. In contrast to EG, IG uptake into macrophages was significantly inhibited in the presence of anti-beta1-integrin and anti-transferrin receptor antibodies. Entry into macrophages by alternate receptors was associated with resistance to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulation. While stimulation with TNF-alpha resulted in inhibition of the growth of EG, it was not associated with inhibition of intracellular growth of IG. Investigation of the reason why M. avium is able to sense the changes in the intracellular environment triggering a change to the invasive phenotype suggests a direct relationship with macrophage apoptosis. These results suggest that intracellular growth is associated with novel mechanisms of M. avium uptake of macrophages and that those mechanisms appear to offer advantages to the bacteria in escaping the host defense.
Acquired toxoplasmosis of a submandibular lymph node in a 9-year-old boy diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology.
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection which may be asymptomatic or produce lymphadenopathy, fever and malaise. In children the cervical lymph nodes are most commonly affected. This report describes a case of a 9-year-old boy who presented with submandibular lymphadenopathy associated with a non-vital primary tooth, which persisted following extraction of the tooth. A diagnosis of acquired toxoplasmosis was made on the findings of fine-needle aspiration cytology and subsequently confirmed by serological investigations, thus sparing the patient unnecessary hospitalization and surgery. The patient required amitryptyline as a nocturnal sedative and made a complete recovery within a few months without the need for further intervention.
Posttranslational modifications of brain and erythrocyte band 3 during aging and disease.
Band 3 performs the same structural and functional activities in adult brain as it does in erythrocytes. It ages as cells and tissues age Our studies, to date, indicate that the anion transport ability of band 3 decreases in brains and lymphocytes from old mice. This decreased transport ability precedes obvious structural changes, such as band 3 degradation and generation of SCA and is the earliest change thus far detected in band 3. The following changes occur in lymphocytes, erythrocytes and brain band 3 with aging: 1) a decreased efficiency of anion transport (decreased Vmax) in spite of an increase in number of anion binding sites (increased K(m)), 2) a decreased glucose transport, 3) 32P labeling in vitro, 4) an increased degradation to smaller fragments as detected by quantitative binding of antibodies to band 3 breakdown products and residue 812-830, and 5) a binding of physiologic IgG autoantibodies in situ. The latter three findings indicate that posttranslational changes occur. In addition, the anion transporter, band 3, undergoes an as yet undefined change that results in binding of "980" antibodies to aged band 3. Posttranslational changes in AD include decreased brain and RBC phosphorylation of a M(r) = 135, 113 and 45 kDa band 3 polypeptides due to the phosphorylation site being already occupied, increased degradation of band 3, alterations in band 3 recognized by antibodies, and decreased anion and glucose transport by blood cells. Band 3 in erythrocytes of AD patients has a different immunological identity from normal band 3 as evidenced by the binding of antibodies described in this study. AD may be preferentially manifested in the brain because neurons accumulate damage throughout the lifetime as they do not regenerate or undergo cell division. We suspect, and our data indicate, that the same mechanism(s) of AD occurs in all cells, but that the manifestations differ due to different cell proteins and functions.
Presenting complaints and findings in a group of patients attending a hypodontia clinic.
A survey is presented of the complaints and findings in a group of 451 patients referred to a multidisciplinary clinic for the management of hypodontia. The most common complaints were missing teeth, spacing in the dental arches, and poor appearance. The majority of patients were referred by their dental practitioners, and more than half were over 12 years old when first seen. Delayed referral can have educational and social consequences. Changing attitudes to dental care and the maintenance of an intact dentition are resulting in hypodontia, particularly in its more severe forms, becoming of increasing concern to children and their parents. The management of this condition is best organised via multidisciplinary specialist clinics.
Distribution and function of multiple anion transporter proteins in brain tumor cell lines in relation to glucose transport.
The anion transport, "band 3," family of proteins in mammalian brain performs the same functions as that of erythroid band 3. These functions are anion transport, ankyrin binding, and generation of senescent cell antigen, an aging antigen that terminates the life of cells. The presence of 5-7 band 3 related proteins in brain tissue was suggested by the reaction of antibodies to synthetic peptides of erythroid band 3 with a number of bands in immunoblots. Since there are a number of different cell types in brain, tissue cultures of neural cell types were examined to determine whether multiple band 3 related proteins are present in each cell type or whether several band 3 related proteins are present in each cell type. The tumor cell lines exhibit anion transport and are inhibited by the anion transport inhibitors 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2' disulfonic acid (DIDS), phenylglyoxal, and furosemide. Glucose transport is inhibited by cytochalasin B and the anion transport inhibitor, phenylglyoxal, in these cell lines, but not by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2' disulfonic acid. Furosemide gave partial inhibition of most, but not all, cell lines. Since phenylglyoxal inhibits anion transport by binding to an arginine near the transport site, inhibition of glucose transport by phenylglyoxal suggests that an arginine lies in the substrate binding site. The number of cytochalasin B and DIDS binding sites was quantitated on cell lines as an approximation of the number of glucose transporter and anion transporter sites, respectively.
Fine tuning the housekeeping department.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Trans-perineal percutaneous radical cryosurgical ablation (TP-PRCSA) of the prostate under transrectal ultrasonic guidance for treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Children are losing their teeth.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.