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Biomedical subjects

J R Glisson

Publications and source records attributed to J R Glisson.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
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Evaluation of Pasteurella multocida mutants of low virulence. II. Immunologic response of turkeys.

Vaccination of turkeys by administering Pasteurella multocida mutant PM#1 or PM#3, either by the oculo-nasal-oral method or in the drinking water, induced a level of protection comparable to vaccination with the Clemson University (CU) strain or the M-9 vaccine. The level of protection was not altered when PM#1, PM#3, or the CU strain was grown in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth or BHI agar. Under extremely severe challenges, the CU strain provided a greater level of protection than PM#1, PM#3, or the M-9 vaccine. It also was apparent from this study that the less-virulent mutant organisms and the M-9 vaccine require a higher concentration of organism per vaccine dose than the CU strain to provide similar protection.

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Studies of avian urolithiasis associated with an infectious bronchitis virus.

Avian urolithiasis syndrome was diagnosed in 14-to-25-week-old chickens from a multiple-age caged-layer complex housing more than 2.5 million chickens. Losses from this syndrome ranged from 0.5 to 1.0% per week. Seven-to-14-week-old pullets from this facility had multifocal renal tubular necrosis leading to interstitial fibrosis, tophus formation, and tubular dilation. A coronavirus was isolated in embryos inoculated with pooled samples of trachea, kidney, and cecal tonsil of 4-week-old pullets. This virus, identified as 85-209, was related to infectious bronchitis virus strain Florida 88 by hemagglutination-inhibition assay. Day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were inoculated with fifth-embryo-passage amnioallantoic fluid containing this virus. These chicks developed histologic lesions of tracheitis at 5 to 7 days postinoculation. Half the chicks inoculated by eyedrop developed renal tubular necrosis after 7 days. Urolithiasis in the flock investigated was attributed to renal damage by this strain of infectious bronchitis virus occurring in 4-to-7-week-old pullets and progressing to segmental atrophy, hyperplasia, and ureteral stone formation in 14-to-25-week-old chickens.

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Clinical encephalitis following avian encephalomyelitis vaccination in broiler breeder pullets.

Twelve-to-fourteen-week-old broiler breeder pullets and cockerels from two different companies were found to have encephalitis 2 weeks after vaccination with avian encephalomyelitis (AE) vaccine. Histologic examination and virus isolation indicated that affected chickens had AE. All chickens had been vaccinated with either one of two serials of AE vaccine approximately 2 weeks before the onset of clinical signs.

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Evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, the serum plate agglutination test, and the hemagglutination-inhibition test for antibodies formed in response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, seven serum plate agglutination (SPA) antigens, and the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were compared for sensitivity and specificity using known MG-positive and MG-negative sera from leghorn chickens. All SPA antigens proved to be highly sensitive when testing MG-positive sera. Laboratory-prepared SPA antigens yielded fewer positive reactions when testing MG-negative sera than commercial SPA antigens. Both MG ELISA kits showed high rates of positive reactions when testing sera from birds given commercial M. synoviae bacterin, fowl coryza (Haemophilus paragallinarum) bacterin, inactivated infectious bursal disease virus vaccine, and to a lesser extent fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) bacterin. Immunization with Frey's medium with 12% swine serum-in-oil or Staphylococcus aureus-in-oil resulted in sera which yielded numerous positive ELISA reactions. During the first 1 to 3 weeks, antibodies induced by experimental infection with MG were better detected by the SPA test than by the ELISAs and the HI test, thus confirming the SPA test's importance in Mycoplasma diagnostic serology. The HI test can serve to confirm positive SPA results.

Agglutination Tests↗
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Comparison of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 isolates from turkeys with fowl cholera.

Nine isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 were isolated from turkeys that had been vaccinated against fowl cholera but that subsequently experienced outbreaks of fowl cholera. These isolates were compared with the CU vaccine strain. Characteristics examined were antimicrobial susceptibility profiles; carbohydrate fermentation; production of bacteriocin, siderophore, and hemolysin; resistance to serum complement; membrane proteins; enzyme activities; presence of plasmids; transferability of R-plasmids; and pathogenicity. Differences were observed between the CU strain and virulent isolates of P. multocida serotype 3,4 for resistance to serum complement, presence of plasmids, hemolysis, membrane proteins, and pathogenicity. Other parameters compared did not differ significantly between the two groups. The presence of plasmids and resistance to the lytic action of complement of the isolates of P. multocida serotype 3,4 correlated with the mortality rates caused by these bacteria.

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The relationship of pathogenicity to the growth of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 isolates in normal turkey plasma.

The percent mortality (M%) caused by various isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotypes 3,4 in turkeys challenged with these organisms was significantly associated with the growth curve when these organisms were grown in normal turkey plasma. The organisms that lysed the most caused the least mortality. In turn, the longer it took for an organism to reach the lowest point on its growth curve, the lower the M%. The highest point on the growth curve and the time that it took to reach that point were analyzed in normal and heat-treated plasma (HTP). The isolates with the maximum growth had the highest M%. The isolates that reached their maximum growth faster also had the greatest M%.

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Skeletal and tendon lesions of male broiler-breeders reared on elevated slats.

Eighty 25-week-old male broiler-breeder chickens were placed in pens with elevated slats for 16 weeks. A similar group of birds was housed on floor pens for comparison. The coxofemoral, stifle, and tibiotarsal joints and their supporting tendons and ligaments were examined grossly. Rearing heavy broiler-breeders on elevated slats did not result in grossly apparent arthritis, tendonitis, or tendon failure. Body weights and shank lengths and diameters were not markedly different. Microscopically, the broiler-breeders reared on slats had a lymphocytic synovitis with synovial cell hyperplasia involving the gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendons. The incidence and severity of the lesion increased with time.

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Comparison of vaccination protocols of broiler breeder hens for Pasteurella multocida utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virulent challenge.

A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect serological response to vaccination and virulent challenge with type 1 (X-73) Pasteurella multocida was used to determine the best vaccination protocol for broiler breeders against fowl cholera. Birds vaccinated twice, at 10 and 19 weeks of age, with the avirulent Clemson University (CU) strain both times, with a commercial bacterin first and the CU strain second, or with the CU strain first and bacterin second had the highest survival rates (98-100%) following challenge at 25 weeks. The two groups that received the CU strain and bacterin also produced the highest mean ELISA antibody titers (greater than 10,000). Birds vaccinated once, at 10 weeks, with the CU strain had the same survival rate as birds vaccinated twice with bacterin (90 and 91%). Under the conditions of this experiment, an ELISA titer greater than or equal to 1000 resulted in at least a 92% survival rate after virulent challenge (23% survival in nonvaccinates).

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A serotypic survey of Pasteurella multocida isolated from poultry.

One hundred forty-eight Pasteurella multocida isolates from four southeastern states and California were serotyped by a gel diffusion precipitin test. The isolates were predominantly from turkeys and chickens. Sixty-eight percent of the isolates had antigenic characteristics of serotypes 3 and 4 (3 X 4). In turkeys, 76% of the isolates were 3 X 4, and serotype 3 was second (17%) in frequency. In chickens, 54% of the isolates were 3 X 4 and 19% were serotype 1.

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In ovo pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains in the presence and absence of maternal antibody.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) strains showing marked variation in pathogenicity were examined for virulence in ovo. No correlation was found between in ovo pathogenicity and other in vivo or in vitro methods for pathogenicity evaluation. For certain highly pathogenic strains, there was a clear relationship between the titer of MG inoculated and the embryo mortality and time of death; an LD50 for these strains could be calculated by yolk-sac inoculation. However, not every strain that caused lesions in the respiratory tract in vivo caused embryo mortality. Less pathogenic strains that grow well and colonize the respiratory tract usually caused embryo mortality during the later stages of incubation, and there was no strict correlation between titer of inoculum and embryo mortality. It appeared that embryo death in these cases may have resulted from generalized stress due to mass multiplication of the MG. Embryo mortality due to virulent MG was completely blocked in eggs containing maternal antibody to MG, although the mycoplasma could be reisolated from the yolk-sac membrane of the live embryonated egg after 17 days of incubation. Attempts to mimic the effect of maternal antibody by injecting exogenous MG antiserum were not successful.

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Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: further studies on egg transmission and egg production.

Leghorn hens vaccinated twice with an inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) bacterin before egg production and subsequently challenged with virulent MG were protected against transmission of MG through the egg. Unvaccinated control hens transmitted MG through the egg at a high rate. When unvaccinated hens were vaccinated with MG bacterin 2 weeks after challenge with MG, there was no significant decrease in egg transmission. Hens vaccinated twice before laying did not suffer as severe egg-production drops as unvaccinated hens did when challenged with virulent MG. In a natural MG outbreak in a leghorn breeder flock, 50 hens were separated from the remainder of the flock and vaccinated with MG bacterin approximately 3 weeks after initial exposure. The unvaccinated hens transmitted MG through the egg at a rate three times higher than the rate of transmission of the vaccinated hens.

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The effect of oil-emulsion vaccines on the occurrence of nonspecific plate agglutination reactions for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae.

Six groups of ten 18-week-old mycoplasma-free white leghorn pullets were vaccinated with one of the following: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) bacterin. Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin, Pasteurella multocida bacterin, combined infectious bursal disease (IBD)-Newcastle (NDV) chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) vaccine. IBD-NDV tissue-culture-origin (TC) vaccine, or saline emulsified in oil; one group received no vaccine. Plate agglutination tests for M. synoviae (MS) and MG were done for 10 weeks after vaccination using three different test antigens. Pullets vaccinated with H. gallinarum bacterin and IBD-NDV TC vaccine showed the greatest incidence of nonspecific plate agglutination reactions. The incidence of positive plate agglutination reactions varied with test antigens. Five groups of fifty 18-week-old mycoplasma-free heavy-breed pullets were vaccinated with one of the following: saline emulsified in oil, chicken embryo fibroblasts emulsified in oil, allantoic fluid emulsified in oil, chicken embryos emulsified in oil, or MS-contaminated chicken embryos emulsified in oil. Plate agglutination tests for MS and MG were done for 8 weeks after vaccination. Chickens vaccinated with chicken embryo fibroblasts emulsified in oil had the greatest incidence of nonspecific plate agglutination reactions. Pullets vaccinated with MS-contaminated chicken embryo vaccine had only a small increase in MS-positive plate agglutination reactions compared with pullets vaccinated with uncontaminated chicken embryo vaccine.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: effects on egg transmission and egg production.

The effects of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccination on egg transmission of MG and egg production were evaluated. Leghorn hens vaccinated with live MG (strain F), with strain F plus MG bacterin, with one dose of MG bacterin, or with two doses of MG bacterin all transmitted MG through the egg at a significantly lower level than unvaccinated controls. Hens vaccinated with two doses of MG bacterin had the longest lag before detectable transmission of MG through the egg. All vaccinated groups were protected against the egg-production drop seen in unvaccinated hens challenged with virulent MG.

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Lesions resulting from attempted Shwartzman reaction in turkey poults inoculated with Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide.

Five-week-old turkey poults were given two consecutive intravenous injections (24 hours apart) of highly purified Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an effort to induce a generalized Shwartzman reaction. There were no gross lesions, and microscopic lesions were limited to focal hepatic necrosis with heterophil infiltration. Hepatic lesions did not differ qualitatively from lesions in turkeys given a single dose of lipopolysaccharide. Margination of heterophils in the pulmonary vasculature was observed in turkeys 4 hours after a single injection of LPS, but it was not present in turkeys given the consecutive injections of LPS. To induce a dermal Shwartzman reaction, turkeys were given intradermal injections of LPS followed by an intravenous injection of LPS 24 hours later. Although no grossly visible hemorrhagic dermal necrosis occurred, microscopic lesions, including heterophil infiltration, vasculitis, thrombosis, and necrosis, were present. Thrombosis and vasculitis were observed only in turkeys given the intravenous and intradermal LPS, whereas the other inflammatory changes were observed in turkeys given the intradermal injection of LPS and intravenous water. Prominent lymphocytic perivascular cuffing at the site of dermal injection was present in all turkeys given intradermal LPS.

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Passive cross-protection provided by antisera directed against in-vivo-expressed antigens of Pasteurella multocida.

Chicken antisera produced against the detergent-insoluble fraction of in vivo-grown P-1059 (serotype 3) Pasteurella multocida passively protected against heterologous X-73 (serotype 1) challenge. Likewise, antisera from chickens that survived infection by live P-1059 provided passive heterologous protection. The two antisera, which contained cross-protection antibodies, were adsorbed with the detergent-insoluble fraction of in vitro-grown P-1059 and still passively cross-protected against heterologous serotype challenge. The proteins of in vivo-grown P-1059 that had molecular weights of 204,000, 192,000, 179,000, and 153,000, which were recognized by the adsorbed antisera on immunoblots, may be responsible for cross-protection.

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Infectious laryngotracheitis virus in commercial hens: a serological study based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Serum samples collected from 23 flocks of commercial hens from three different companies were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus, and data were analyzed statistically. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were compared from hens that were unvaccinated, once-vaccinated, or twice-vaccinated, from single-age farms or multiple-age farms, from molted or unmolted flocks, and from different companies. There were significant differences among the groups compared by vaccination, between the single-age and multiple-age groups, and between the molted and unmolted groups. The GMT of unvaccinated flocks and the GMT of molted flocks that had been vaccinated once as pullets with a chick-tissue-culture-origin (CTCO) live vaccine could not be differentiated. The ELISA is useful to detect and quantitate ILT vaccine-induced antibody, but it does not reliably identify older flocks that were vaccinated at a young age with CTCO vaccine.

Aging↗
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Identification of common antigens of serotype 1 and serotype 3 Pasteurella multocida in poultry expressed in vivo.

Eight groups of chicken immune sera and one group of turkey immune sera were used to identify unique in vivo-expressed antigens of Pasteurella multocida by Western immunoblotting. When antisera were prepared against the detergent-insoluble fraction of in vivo-grown P-1059, live X-73, live P-1059, live 86-1913, live P-1662, and live P-1702, they recognized four major antigens on immunoblots of the detergent-insoluble fraction of in vivo-grown serotype 1 and in vivo-grown serotype 3. These four antigens, which have approximate molecular weights of 204,000, 192,000, 179,000, and 153,000, were not recognized by antisera made against the detergent-soluble fraction of in vivo-grown P-1059, whole in vitro-grown inactivated X-73, or whole in vitro-grown inactivated P-1059. The results provide evidence for common antigens expressed by in vivo-grown serotype 1 and in vivo-grown serotype 3. These antigens are recognized by sera from chickens that have survived infection by various serotypes. The antigens are concentrated in the detergent-insoluble fraction of in vivo-grown bacteria and likely represent unique in vivo-expressed outer-membrane proteins.

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