Biomedical subjects

J R Glisson

Publications and source records attributed to J R Glisson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo antigen expression by Pasteurella multocida.

Pasteurella multocida was purified from the blood of turkeys affected with acute fowl cholera, and membrane preparations from those bacteria were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized on immunoblots. Antigens were detected in the membranes of these in vivo-propagated bacteria that were not detected in membrane preparations of the same P. multocida strain grown in vitro. The unique antigens were detected in the detergent-insoluble phase and were enriched to various degrees by different detergents.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Skeletal lesions associated with a naturally occurring poult enteritis.

One-day-old poults were placed on contaminated litter on which poults previously had developed an enteric disease characterized by diarrhea, increased mortality, and stunting. These exposed birds were examined for clinical signs and pathologic changes in bone and parathyroid glands compared with controls. Intestinal and fecal samples were examined for potential pathogens. Exposed poults varied in size as early as day 8 and had significantly decreased weight gains and reduced shank lengths on days 8, 12, 16, and 21. The proximal tibial growth plate was narrowed. The mineralized hypertrophy zone was decreased in length and contained multiple non-mineralized bands on days 8, 12, 16, and 21. Metaphyseal trabeculae were reduced in amount on days 16 and 21. Parathyroid glands were hyperplastic on days 16 and 21. The bone and parathyroid gland lesions indicated that mineral homeostasis was being maintained at the expense of the skeleton during the enteric disease. A specific etiology for the enteric disease was not determined. Cryptosporidium, rotavirus, paramyxovirus, and Salmonella were identified in the exposed poults, and paramyxovirus and Salmonella were identified in the controls.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of Pasteurella multocida mutants of low virulence.

Ten temperature-sensitive mutants of the Clemson University (CU) vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida have been developed and were characterized by phenotypic attributes such as carbohydrate fermentation, antibiotic resistance, and membrane protein profiles. Some mutants were found to have lost the ability to utilize some substrates, notably xylose and gluconate, whereas others were able to ferment additional carbohydrates such as arabinose and rhamnose. CU was found to be resistant to sulfisoxazole, of intermediate resistance to bacitracin, and sensitive to rifampin; the sensitivity to these three antibiotics varied among the mutant strains, but 60% were resistant to rifampin. Membrane protein profiles demonstrated some changes in major bands, and there was variation in 50% of the mutants in proteins in the 31 kilodalton range. All strains were assayed for the presence of several virulence factors, and many were found to produce siderophore and to exhibit some degree of complement resistance.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Reproducibility of a virus-neutralization test for infectious laryngotracheitis virus.

A virus-neutralization test for infectious laryngotracheitis virus was performed in microtiter plates using standard techniques. To assess the reproducibility of the test, 11 sera were each titrated repeatedly once a week for 8 weeks, and the results were compared to a standard. The standard used for reproducibility was that the 95% logarithmic confidence intervals of the mean calculated from three titrations of the same serum had to be smaller than the logarithmic distance "within" two microtiter plate wells. For the virus neutralization test to give reproducible results, such confidence intervals had to fall "within" two wells at least 75% of the time. Over the 8 weeks, percent reproducibility varied from 43.5% to 81.5%. The infectious laryngotracheitis virus-neutralization test did not meet our defined standard of reproducibility with positive antisera. Results with negative control sera were reproducible, however. Percent reproducibility varied from 31.8% to 93.8% for different sera tested, but it was not related to the titer of the sera.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Differentiation of vaccine strains and Georgia field isolates of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by their restriction endonuclease fragment patterns.

Seven restriction endonucleases (REs) were used to cleave the DNA from seven vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus and from six Georgia field isolates of ILT virus. After electrophoresis of the resulting RE fragments, the patterns were compared in order to differentiate strains of ILT virus. The six chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) vaccines were identical with each RE, but the tissue-culture-origin (TCO) vaccine strain differed from the CEO vaccines using five of the REs. Four of the six field isolates were identical by each RE, but two field isolates differed from each other and from the four identical field isolates on the basis of patterns produced by some but not all of the REs. The four identical field isolates could not be differentiated from the CEO vaccine strains by any RE, but the other two field isolates were not identical to either strain of vaccine virus. This work demonstrates that differentiable strains of ILT virus exist in the United States and that viruses other than vaccine viruses are involved in field outbreaks of ILT.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Turkey heterophil chemotaxis to Pasteurella multocida (serotype 3,4)-generated chemotactic factors.

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of three strains or isolates of Pasteurella multocida (serotype 3,4) to generate chemotactic factors for heterophils when exposed to pooled turkey serum. Results indicated that each bacterial strain or isolate (M-9, CU, and 86-1913) was associated with the production of chemotactic factors, but the more pathogenic bacterial isolate (86-1913) elicited greater heterophil migration in chemotaxis studies.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Alternative injection sites for a Pasteurella multocida bacterin.

Seven different injection sites for a Pasteurella multocida bacterin were evaluated by measuring the immune response and the local tissue reaction. Injection into the ventral surface of the tail or subcutaneously along the dorsal midline of the neck were the most suitable procedures. Ease of application was judged subjectively, and the tail site was found to be easier to inject accurately than the subcutaneous neck site. The tail injection site was found to be the best overall when immune response, tissue reaction, and ease of application were all considered.

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PubMedDate not supplied

The pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida serotype A:3,4 infection in turkeys: a comparison of two vaccine strains and a field isolate.

The pathogenesis of avian pasteurellosis caused by two vaccine strains, M-9 and Clemson University (CU), and a highly virulent field isolate, 86-1913, of Pasteurella multocida (serotype A:3,4) was studied in 7-week-old turkeys inoculated by an oculo-nasal-oral technique. Turkeys inoculated with strain CU and isolate 86-1913 developed severe progressive bacteremia that began at 4 hours postinoculation (PI) and peaked at 16-20 hours PI. Turkeys inoculated with strain CU and isolate 86-1913 had significantly higher concentrations of bacteria in blood and tissues, and greater histologic lesion scores for necrosis, heterophil infiltrates, and intralesional bacteria than turkeys inoculated with strain M-9. Immunohistochemical staining specific for P. multocida demonstrated numerous extracellular bacteria in tissues from turkeys inoculated with strain CU and isolate 86-1913. The mortality for turkeys inoculated with isolate 86-1913 was significantly higher than for turkeys receiving the two vaccine strains.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Sensitivity and specificity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum agglutination antigens prepared from medium with artificial liposomes substituting for serum.

Three batches of strain A5969 Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) serum-plate-agglutination (SPA) antigen grown in regular Frey's medium with 12% swine serum, three batches grown in Frey's medium containing artificial liposomes instead of serum, and one commercial SPA antigen were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity was measured using chickens exposed to MG by intraocular and intranasal inoculation. Specificity was measured in uninoculated controls and in groups inoculated with the oil-emulsion vaccines Haemophilus paragallinarum, infectious bursal disease inactivated virus vaccine, or Staphylococcus aureus. Sera were tested 1 to 8 weeks postinoculation. All SPA antigens had a perfect sensitivity score, except one liposome-grown antigen batch (LC). The two other liposome-grown antigen batches (LA and LB) maintained significantly higher specificity by yielding significantly (P less than 0.01) fewer false positive (FP) agglutination reactions than did the other antigens. The three antigen batches produced in medium with serum had intermediate levels of FP agglutination reactions. When known MG-negative sera were tested, MG SPA antigens LC and commercial SPA antigen yielded significantly (P less than 0.01) higher numbers of FP agglutination reactions than the other SPA antigens.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Further studies of Mycoplasma gallisepticum serum plate agglutination antigen grown in medium with artificial liposomes substituting for serum.

Frey's medium supplemented with artificial liposomes substituting for serum was evaluated for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) serum plate agglutination (SPA) antigen. Antigens prepared in batch (static) culture were compared with antigens grown in a fermenter. All batch-grown MG liposome antigens were highly sensitive, specific, and resulted in a greater yield compared with fermenter-grown liposome antigens. Compared with antigens prepared in Frey's medium with 12% swine serum (regular FMS) or with commercial SPA antigens, liposome antigens had a higher degree of specificity; however, they were similar in sensitivity and antigen yield. The only growth parameter to affect the yield per liter of batch-grown liposome antigen was the concentration of liposomes in the growth medium. The reduced yield and sensitivity of antigens grown in a fermenter may have been due to autoclaving the medium instead of sterilizing by filtration. There was no obvious difference between patterns of serum-medium-grown, liposome-medium-grown, or commercial SPA antigens upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative microscopic lesions in reoviral and staphylococcal tenosynovitis.

Experimental inoculation of 1-day-old male broiler chickens with avian reo-virus or Staphylococcus aureus caused tenosynovitis of the gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendons. Reovirus inoculation by either the oral or footpad route initiated a diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in the peritendineum, synovial membrane, and epitenon from 1 to 5 weeks postinoculation (PI). Heterophils were not a predominant feature of the inflammatory response, but when present they were localized with fibrin in and around synovial spaces. The prevalence of microscopic tendon lesions was less common with staphylococcal infection than with reovirus infection. With staphylococcus, lesions were localized to the synovial space and membranes and were characterized by heterophils and fibrin but few lymphocytes. Synovial cell hyperplasia and bursal atrophy were common in both groups. From 10 to 20 weeks PI, both groups developed progressive tendon fibrosis. These results indicate that tenosynovitis due to inoculation with reovirus or staphylococcus may be differentiated histologically from 1 through 5 weeks PI. After 10 weeks, this may not be possible, because diffuse fibrosis was the major lesion with both. Perhaps fibrosis predisposes older, heavier broilers to tendon failure and rupture.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccines: immunity in broilers.

Broiler chickens were vaccinated at 18 days of age against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) using chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) and tissue-culture-origin (TCO) vaccines, each vaccine given either by drinking water, spray, or eyedrop. Controls were not vaccinated. The broilers were challenged 3 weeks later with virulent ILT virus (USDA challenge strain). Serum samples taken before challenge were analyzed by a virus neutralization (VN) test to determine titers due to vaccination. Both vaccines, regardless of route of administration, produced low VN titers, geometric mean titer (GMT) being less than 4.0 in all vaccinated groups. When administered by the same route, the CEO vaccine produced higher titers than the TCO vaccine. Titers following drinking-water or eyedrop administration of vaccines were higher than titers following spray vaccination. There was an inverse relationship between pre-challenge VN titers of groups of birds and the percentage of birds in the groups dying from ILT virus challenge. The drinking-water route of vaccination provided the most protection, while the spray provided the least.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccines: immunity in layers.

Ten-week-old layer chickens obtained from a commercial source were eye-drop vaccinated with chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) or tissue-culture-origin (TCO) vaccines for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Controls were not vaccinated. Approximately one-third of the layers were challenged with virulent ILT virus at 21, 40, or 60 weeks of age. Serum samples taken from the layers before challenge were used in a virus neutralization (VN) test to determine vaccination titers at those three ages. Both vaccines induced low VN titers (geometric mean titer [GMT] less than 6). At 21 weeks of age, the titers produced by the two vaccines were not significantly different, but at 40 and 60 weeks of age the VN GMT of the CEO-vaccinated group was significantly greater than that of the TCO-vaccinated group. The VN GMTs did not drop over time in either group and actually rose between 21 and 60 weeks of age in the CEO group. Both vaccines protected layers against severe challenge with virulent ILT virus, neither being significantly better than the other under these experimental conditions. Unvaccinated sentinel chickens were maintained in contact with the vaccinated layers during three intervals between 1 day and 6 weeks post-vaccination. Diagnostic tests performed on the sentinels to detect lateral spread of vaccine virus from vaccinated to unvaccinated chickens showed scattered positive results.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of oxytetracycline on the severity of airsacculitis in chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Four groups of mycoplasma-free commercial broilers were challenged with the R strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at 14 days of age. Groups received feed containing either no medication, or 500 ppm or 1000 ppm oxytetracycline (OTC) beginning at age 13 days, or 1000 ppm OTC beginning at age 15 days. All broilers were vaccinated with a live mild Massachusetts infectious bronchitis vaccine at 17 days of age. Air sac lesions were scored at age 24 days. In two almost identical experiments, all OTC treatment groups had significantly lower mean air sac lesion scores than the unmedicated challenged controls. Groups that were fed 1000 ppm OTC in feed had significantly lower mean air sac lesion scores than groups that were fed 500 ppm OTC in feed. There was no significant difference in mean air sac lesion scores between the groups fed 1000 ppm OTC in feed beginning at 13 days of age and those fed 1000 ppm OTC in feed beginning at 15 days of age.

Air Sacs↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera in broilers.

Pasteurella multocida, the etiologic agent of fowl cholera, was isolated from six broiler flocks in Georgia during summer 1988. The flocks ranged in age from 20 to 46 days, represented four companies, and spanned a distance of 50 miles. Increased mortality and lameness were the clinical signs present in all affected flocks. Bacterial isolation and agar gel precipitation for somatic antigen serotyping revealed that three of the cases were caused by serotype 1,3, two by serotype 3,4, and one by serotype 3. To prove the virulence of these organisms, two isolates were selected to challenge 5-week-old broilers. Mortality and lameness resulted from this challenge, and P. multocida was reisolated.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella multocida infection in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Three flocks of Japanese quail, approximately 75,000 birds each, experienced acute high mortality beginning at 24 to 28 days of age. Gross lesions were absent or were composed of either multifocal small pale areas on livers and spleens or lungs slightly darker in color than normal. Histopathology revealed multifocal splenic and hepatic necrosis and interstitial pneumonia. Pasteurella multocida, serotype 3,4, was isolated from affected tissues. The quail were successfully treated with chlortetracycline, and the organism was apparently eliminated from the premises by thorough cleaning, disinfection, and insect and rodent control. Experimental studies showed Japanese quail to be highly susceptible to disease caused by the P. multocida isolated from the affected flocks.

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PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro microbicidal activity of avian peritoneal macrophages.

Peritoneal exudate macrophages collected from 4-wk-old broilers were capable of in vitro bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and fungistatic activity against Candida tropicalis. Bactericidal activity was inhibited by treatment of macrophages with 2-deoxyglucose. These assays may be used to evaluate macrophage function in normal, diseased, and immunomodulated birds or to assess the direct effects of cytokines and toxins on macrophage microbicidal activity.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of Pasteurella multocida mutants of low virulence. I. Development and pathogenicity.

Mutagenesis of the Clemson University (CU) vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resulted in temperature-sensitive mutants that grew at 37 C but not at 42 C. Seven such mutants were evaluated for immunogenicity in turkeys. From these seven, only two, PM#1 and PM#3, provided turkeys with a level of protection against challenge with a virulent serotype 3 P. multocida strain (P-1059) comparable to the protection provided by the CU strain. Intravenous (IV) inoculation of PM#1, PM#3, or CU was used to assess differences in virulence. PM#1 and PM#3 resulted in lower rates of mortality and lameness than the CU strain. Histopathological evaluation of spleens 24, 48, and 72 hours after IV inoculation demonstrated that the CU strain induced significantly more fibrinoid necrosis of the spleen than either PM#1 or PM#3.

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