Torture and amnesty international.
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Aggression↗
Biomedical subjects
J Peters
Publications and source records attributed to J Peters.
Physiological variation of mouse haemoglobins.
Polymorphism at Hbb (haemoglobin beta-chain) is widespread in natural populations of the house mouse, Mus musculus, and appears to be maintained by natural selection. This report is an attempt to correlate genotypic fluctuations at Hbb with a most important physiological attribute of haemoglobin, its oxygen carrying capacity. Oxygen affinity has been studied and P50 values have been measured in 12 inbred strains as well as wild-caught mice from Skokholm island. The mean P50 of each inbred strain is a constant characteristic, although there is high within-strain variation and the oxygen affinity of the blood of an individual can fluctuate considerably from week to week. The causes of this variation remain obscure but neither within-strain nor between-strain differences are correlated with known modulators of oxygen binding. In general, the blood of mice of inbred strains as well as wild-caught mice that are homozygous for Hbbd tends to have a higher oxygen affinity than that from comparable animals homozygous for Hbbs, but it seems likely that the oxygen dissociation properties of haemoglobin are not the only ones important in determining differential survival of a particular Hbb type under varying environmental stress.
Animals↗
[The value of computerized tomography in the detection of spinal tumors].
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Adult↗
Linkage relationships of peptidase-7, Pep-7, in the mouse.
An electrophoretically detectable variant of peptidase-7 in Mus musculus has been found and used to locate the structural gene, Pep-7, on chromosome 5. Gene order and recombination frequencies are estimated as Pep-7, 3.5 +/- 2.0 Rw 8.8 +/- 2.2 go 20.0 +/- 4.6 bf.
Aminopeptidases↗
Linkage analyses and biochemical genetics of sorbitol dehydrogenase-1 (Sdh-1) in the mouse.
Electrophoretic variation of sorbitol dehydrogenase has been found in Mus musculus; the SDH-1 A phenotype migrates further toward the cathode under the conditions used than the SDH-1B phenotype. Mice with the SDH-1B phenotype have enzyme activity reduced to 25% of that found in mice with the SDH-1A phenotype, but no differences in heat stability, pH profile, or Km for fructose were found. The gene Sdh-1 is inherited as an autosomal condominant located on chromosome 2, and the gene order obtained, with genetic distance calculated as percentage recombination +/- SE was Sdh-1--1.9 +/- 1.4--pa--16.4 +/- 3.6--a--3.9 +/- 1.9--bp.
Animals↗
Effect of fluocarbon exchange transfusion on myocardial infarction size in dogs.
Fluosol DA (20%), a perfluocarbon with high oxygen solubility, was administered by concurrent exchange transfusion (30 ml/kg) to anesthetized open-chested adult greyhounds (n = 9) 1 hour after left anterior descending coronary ligation. Mechanical ventilation using 100% oxygen was used throughout the experiment. A second similar group (n = 9) received 0.9% normal saline solution (30 ml/kg), and a third group (n = 9) received no further intervention. Systemic, right atrial, and left atrial pressures were not altered by the exchange transfusion. Monastryl blue dye was injected through the left atrial line at 6 hours after ligation to define the area of myocardium at risk (AR); the animals were then killed and the heart was excised. The left ventricle was sliced at 5 mm intervals and stained using triphenyltetrazolium chloride, defining areas of necrosis (AN). The ratio of AN/AR and total left ventricular mass were then compared with the use of planimetry. The results were as follows: the AN/AR ratio in the 9 control animals was 90 +/- 2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean); in the 9 animals who received saline solution it was 88 +/- 2; and in the animals who received Fluosol it was 67 +/- 4 (p less than 0.01 compared with control; p less than 0.001 compared with the saline group). Fluocarbon exchange transfusion may reduce infarct size when administered after coronary occlusion.
Animals↗
Airway constrictor effects of leukotriene D4 in dogs with hyperreactive airways.
Leukotriene D4 (5 micrograms/ml) aerosol constricts airways of dogs with nonspecific airway hyperreactivity but not of mongrel dogs which lack nonspecific airway hyperreactivity. RL increased 200 +/- 25% and Cdyn decreased to 77 +/- 5% of the prechallenge value. LTD4 (10 micrograms/ml) produced no further increase. Atropine (0.2 mg/kg) prevented the increase in RL and decrease in Cdyn, suggesting that part of the effect of LTD4 on airways is neurally mediated.
Aerosols↗
Therapeutic activities of 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine and -thymine alone and in combination with acyclovir and vidarabine in mice infected intracerebrally with herpes simplex virus.
The therapeutic effectiveness of two new antiviral agents, 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine and 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine, was compared with that of acyclovir and vidarabine. In mice inoculated intracerebrally with high 50% lethal doses of herpes simplex virus type 2, nontoxic intraperitoneal or oral treatments with the two new fluorinated antiviral agents were highly effective in reducing mortality. The two drugs were also effective when treatment was begun as late as 48 h after virus inoculation. The relative order of potencies of the drugs when compared on a molar basis or in terms of therapeutic index was 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine much greater than 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine greater than vidarabine approximately to acyclovir. The new pyrimidine analogs were also found to lack immunosuppressive activity in mice. The combination of 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-=D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine and vidarabine was the most effective; significantly greater reduction in mortality was achieved with this combination than with either drug alone. Thirty minutes after intraperitoneal treatment with the fluorinated analogs, the drugs (or their metabolites) were transported to the brains of virus-inoculated and normal mice at levels about one-third to two thirds those in the blood. The levels of 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine in the blood or brain were consistently higher than those found with equivalent intraperitoneal doses of the 5-iodocytosine analog.
Acyclovir↗
Sepsis and empyema caused by Yersinia enterocolitica.
Yersinia enterocolitica is the cause of gastrointestinal infection in the overwhelming majority of recognized cases, although extraintestinal sites are occasionally involved. We report a case of Y. enterocolitica septicemia and empyema complicated by the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The organism was also recovered from the patient's feces by alkaline enrichment and persisted through at least 19 days of antibiotic treatment.
Empyema↗
Citric acid airway constriction in dogs with hyperreactive airways.
To understand the mechanisms underlying the bronchoconstrictor response to 10% citric acid administered for 5 min in Basenji-Greyhound (BG) dogs, we evaluated the protection afforded by atropine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg iv) and by aerosols of isoproterenol (1 mg/ml) and cromolyn sodium (20 mg/ml). In untreated dogs, citric acid increased pulmonary resistance by 4.6- to 11.5-fold and decreased dynamic compliance (Cdyn) to 45-55% of the control response. Isoproterenol and cromolyn sodium significantly reduced the response, whereas atropine did not. Moreover we have demonstrated in the arterial plasma of these dogs a slow-reacting substance (SRS) after, but not before, citric acid challenge. This SRS exhibits both pharmacologic properties and chemical characteristics similar to leukotrienes. We conclude that mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity rather than reflex mechanisms play a dominant role in the production of airway constriction during citric acid (5-min) challenge in BG dogs.
Airway Resistance↗
Role of mediators in allergic and nonallergic asthma in dogs with hyperreactive airways.
Basenji-Greyhound crossbreed dogs, with nonspecific airway hyperreactivity, release histamine into the plasma after aerosol challenge with Ascaris antigen and a slow reacting substance (SRS) after aerosol challenge with citric acid or Ascaris antigen. The appearance of SRS in the plasma after citric acid aerosol challenge, without an increase in histamine, closely parallels the changes in pulmonary mechanics. The pulmonary response to citric acid, in contrast to Ascaris antigen, is totally prevented in vivo by FPL 55712, an SRS antagonist. SRS exhibits both pharmacologic properties and chemical characteristics similar to leukotrienes. These studies suggest that SRS may be an important mediator in nonallergic airway constriction in vivo.
Airway Resistance↗
[Current problems in the differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia].
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Adenoma↗
Chemical cross-linking studies of the light-harvesting pigment-protein complex B800-850 of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.
The spatial relationship of the three polypeptides contained in the B800-850 light-harvesting complex of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata has been studied with chemical cross-linking of crude membrane preparations of the phototrophic negative mutant strain Y5. Samples were cross-linked with the cleavable reagent dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) (1.1 nm chain length) and analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Membranes labelled with 14C-amino acids were used to determine the compositional stoichiometry of cross-linked products. It was found that the two polypeptides with an apparent Mr of 8000 and 10 000, respectively, that are associated with the pigments bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoid form homooligomers as well as heterooligomers. The data support the idea that these polypeptides are closely arranged in clusters probably containing at least four of each species. The third subunit with an Mr of 14 000, which is not associated with pigments, was found to be most susceptible to cross-linking and formed homooligomers but no heterooligomers with the other two subunits, and is thus likely to be loosely attached to these clusters. Comparative studies with the phototrophic positive wild type strain indicated that the results found with the phototrophic negative mutant strain Y5 reflect the organization of the B800-850 complex in the membrane of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Studies with the isolated B800-850 complex revealed that the sterical arrangement of the three constituent polypeptides in dodecyl dimethylamine-N-oxide containing solutions must be very similar to that in the membrane.
Bacterial Proteins↗
[Anesthesia problems in extreme obesity].
Obese patients show a markedly increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. Due to the severe impairment of his cardiopulmonary system the extremely obese patient is at high risk. Among the abundant pathophysiologic disorders which in less severe form can also be traced in minor obesity, are reductions in functional residual capacity and total compliance as well as oxygen costs of breathing that are increased by a factor of 4-16. On the basis of current knowledge of these pathophysiologic disorders guidelines for the management of the obese patient in the perioperative period are proposed.
Anesthesia↗
Phacoemulsification of cataract with posterior chamber lens implantation and operative posterior capsulotomy.
An initial series of 500 eyes with cataract was managed with phacoemulsification and posterior chamber lens implantation, with operative capsulotomy. The operative technique, complications and visual results are presented. Complications reported with other lens implant techniques are discussed and reviewed. It was found that the complication rate associated with this technique was lower than that associated with routine intracapsular surgery, and that visual rehabilitation was far superior.
Cataract Extraction↗
Left ventricular emptying dynamics in patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
We studied the dynamics of left ventricular (LV) emptying in 8 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), 6 patients with concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CHC), and 6 normal controls. Four patients with ASH had resting systolic gradients greater than 20 mmHg, all had significant post premature ventricular contraction (PVC) systolic pressure gradients. LV volume (V) was obtained by frame-by-frame analysis of cineangiograms. End-diastolic volume was similar for all groups; end-systolic volume was significantly less in ASH and CHC patients than in normals. Maximum dV/dt was similar in ASH and CHC, and significantly greater than normals. Total systolic contraction time (SCT), i.e., time from peak volume to last cine frame at minimum volume, was similar for all groups, but the time required to eject 90% of stroke volume (90%T), as a fraction of SCT, was shorter for ASH (0.52 +/- 0.07) and CHC patients (0.51 +/- 0.05) than normals (0.67 +/- 0.07) (p less than 0.05 vs myopathy groups). In the sinus beat following a PVC, however, this ratio decreased significantly in normals and CHC patients, but did not change in ASH patients. We conclude that ASH and CHC have similar exaggerated systolic LV ejection dynamics in the basal state; the failure of ASH patients with post-PVC systolic outflow gradient to reduce 90% T/SCT post PVC may reflect obstruction to LV emptying.
Cardiac Output↗
Xylose dehydrogenase-1, a new gene on mouse chromosome 7.
We report a new enzyme xylose dehydrogenase, the structural locus for which is on chromosome 7 of the mouse, closely linked to Tam-1. Three alleles have been detected in both laboratory strains and wild populations. Two of these determine proteins differing in electrophoretic mobility and the third is a "null." This easily scored variation may prove useful both for gene mapping and in population genetics.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
Nonspecific esterases of Mus musculus.
Seventeen genes controlling the expression of carboxylic ester hydrolases, commonly known as esterases, have been identified in the mouse Mus musculus. Seven esterase loci are found on chromosome 8, where two clusters of esterase loci occur. It seems probable that the genes within these clusters have arisen from a common ancestral gene by tandem duplication. Close linkage of esterase genes is also found in the rat, rabbit, and prairie vole. Some mouse esterases appear to be homologous with certain human esterases. The function of these nonspecific enzymes is still unknown.
Animals↗