Biomedical subjects

J Nyboe

Publications and source records attributed to J Nyboe.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

[Does smoking increase the degree of wrinkles on the face? The Osterbro study].

In order to illustrate whether there is a connection between smoking and the degree of wrinkles on the face, the authors investigated an age-stratified random sample of 4,485 women and 2,485 men aged 40-69 years. The degree of wrinkles lateral to the canthus of the right eye was described without the investigator being aware of the smoking habits of the individual concerned. For both sexes, the prevalence of deep wrinkles increased with increasing age and with decreasing household income but no significant association with body mass index was demonstrated. In men, a significant association was demonstrated between the cumulated cigarette consumption and the degree of deep wrinkles while this was not the case in women. No definite explanation of this difference between the sexes could be found but a difference in exposure to sunlight and use of face cream may be the reasons.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Smoking and the risk of first acute myocardial infarction.

When analyzing risk factors for first acute myocardial infarction in the Copenhagen City Heart Study, a large prospective population study of 20,000 men and women, smoking was found to influence risk significantly in a dose-dependent manner, the risk increasing 2% to 3% for each gram of tobacco smoked daily. Risk was particularly associated with inhalation, the risk for inhalers being almost twice that of noninhalers. No difference in risk could be demonstrated between various types of tobacco (pipe, cigar/cheroots, or plain and filtered cigarettes). The risk seemed associated with current smoking only, inasmuch as the duration of the smoking habit was not important. Ex-smokers had the same risk as those who had never smoked regardless of duration of smoking and time elapsed since quitting. Relative excess risk was significantly higher in female smokers than in male smokers, and daily alcohol intake appeared to have some protective effect on the risk of first acute myocardial infarction among heavy smokers.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen, II: Smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, obesity, oral contraception, diabetes, lipids, and blood pressure.

The Copenhagen City Heart Study is a prospective cardiovascular population study designed to evaluate incidence of, and risk factors for, cardiovascular disease. A random sample, comprising approximately 20,000 people, were invited to participate. Initial information about potential risk factors was collected during 1976-78 (attendance rate 74%); data about 389 new cases of first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was obtained from a second survey in 1981-83, as well as from hospital and death registers up to 31 December 1983. The average observation period was 6.5 years. Cox's regression model was used for data analysis. Some 'basic' factors, namely age, sex, family history of AMI, early parental death, height, earlobe crease, length of school education, income and living alone or with a partner were dealt with in a previous paper and are among the potential risk factors for AMI included in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. In this analysis we also include life-style characteristics, some biological traits and disease conditions. An increased risk for first AMI among smokers was graded: the estimated relative risk (ERR) for heavy smokers consuming more than 29g tobacco per day was 2.8 relative to non-smokers. Alcohol intake of five or more drinks per day was associated with a decreased risk, an ERR of 0.6 relative to those who did not drink alcohol daily. Physical inactivity during work but not at leisure was associated with increased risk (ERR 1.4) as was body mass index where the risk was mediated mainly through blood pressure and plasma triglycerides. Oral contraception was not associated with an increased risk, whereas with diabetes the risk increased (the ERR for diabetes being 1.8). Plasma cholesterol above the level of approximately 7 mmol l-1 proportionally increased risk; the ERR in the 1.5% with the highest level was 3.7. A low triglyceride level was associated with low risk; the ERR in the fifth of the study population with the lowest level was 0.6. Elevated blood pressure also proportionally increased risk. Subjects on antihypertensive drug treatment had higher risk than non-treated subjects with similar blood pressure. The effect of socioeconomic factors described in the previous paper was not mediated through their influence on the risk factors included in the present analysis.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Recurrent wheezing in relation to environmental risk factors in infancy. A prospective study of 276 infants.

Clinical course and environmental factors were recorded in a prospective study of 276 unselected infants followed from birth to the age of 18 months. The study was performed with a questionnaire at the age of 6 and 12 months and a physical examination at 18 months. Fifty-nine (21%) of the children had greater than or equal to 2 episodes of wheezing before they were 18 months old. A total of 58 (21%) of the children belonged to the lowest social class V, 182 (66%) were daily exposed to passive tobacco smoking at home and/or in daycare, 164 (59%) were breastfed greater than or equal to 3 months, 192 (70%) were in daycare, 62 (22%) lived in flats and 167 (61%) were in daily contact with furred pets at home and/or in daycare. In social class V a preponderance of children were exposed to passive tobacco smoking, a majority were living in flats and a minority were breastfed greater than or equal to 3 months. Linear logistic regression analysis was used for the purpose of assessing the causal effect of environmental risk factors on the risk of recurrent episodes of wheezing before the age of 18 months. The study demonstrated that male sex and daily exposure to passive tobacco smoking were significant risk factors with estimated odds ratios 1.9 and 2.4, respectively. Maternal tobacco smoking seemed to be associated with the highest risk. There was a tendency--though not significant--indicating that breastfeeding greater than or equal to 3 months had a protective effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1991

Ventilatory function impairment and risk of cardiovascular death and of fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction.

The relationship of ventilatory function to cardiovascular events was studied in 12,511 men and women, enrolled in 1976-1978 in a prospective population study. Until the end of 1983, 388 subjects died because of a cardiovascular disease, 133 died within 30 days of developing myocardial infarction (fatal myocardial infarction), while 238 had a non-fatal myocardial infarction. Cox proportional hazards models were employed for the analysis. In the models including tobacco smoking, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and body-mass index as covariates, forced expiratory volume in one second in percentage of predicted (FEV1% pred), forced vital capacity in percentage of predicted (FVC% pred), and the ratio between FEV1 and FVC (FEV1/FVC) were significantly related to the risk of cardiovascular death, e.g. compared with subjects with FEV1% pred or FVC% pred greater than or equal to 80 the risk of death from cardiovascular disease among subjects with FEV1% pred or FVC% pred less than 60 was approximately twice as high. There was a nonsignificant trend towards an increased risk of fatal myocardial infarction with reduction of FVC% pred, but in general the regression models did not show consistent relationship between lung function impairment and risk of myocardial infarction. In the regression models, which only included age and sex as covariates, reduced FVC% pred and FEV1% pred were significantly related to both cardiovascular mortality and to fatal myocardial infarction, but not to the non-fatal infarction, whereas the FEV1/FVC ratio was not related to fatal or to non-fatal myocardial infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Aortic valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis in 262 patients: an assessment after 9 to 17 years.

A 9 to 17-year follow-up after aortic valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis was carried out in 262 patients with a mean age of 53 years. All patients were traced. The operative mortality was 7.3%. The observed survival of the total series after 5, 10 and 15 years amounted to 75%, 61%, and 49% respectively. The majority of survivors showed improvement of functional capacity and decrease of heart volume. Freedom from valve-related death, thromboembolism and valve-related morbidity and mortality after 15 years amounted to 94%, 85% and 75% respectively. Only two instances of valve thrombosis were seen, and fracture of the prosthesis was never encountered. These results compare favourably with those obtained with the Starr-Edwards and the Björk-Shiley prostheses. Analysis of the relative survival rates, i.e. the observed survival rates as ratios of those of the general population, indicates that the 10-year survival of patients with aortic stenosis is close to normal, whereas the survival rates of patients with aortic incompetence and with combined aortic stenosis and incompetence are significantly lower. It is suggested that earlier operation should be considered in patients with aortic incompetence and with combined stenosis and incompetence in order to lower the late mortality rate.

Aortic Valve Insufficiency↗

PubMed1990

Spirometric findings and mortality in never-smokers.

The relation of ventilatory function to overall mortality has been studied in 662 male and 2048 female never-smokers who during the period 1976-1978 participated in the Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective community study of more than 14,000 men and women randomly selected from the general population of the City of Copenhagen. Until the end of 1986, 195 subjects who said they were never-smokers died. Mortality was analyzed using the proportional hazards model of Cox. In addition to measures of ventilatory function, the mortality analysis included age, sex, body-mass index, alcohol consumption, school education, diabetes mellitus, heart disease and bronchial asthma as confounding factors. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) as a percentage of that predicted, forced vital capacity (FVC) as a percentage of that predicted and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC were significant risk factors for mortality among both sexes. The relative risk of death associated with a 50% decrease in FEV1 and FVC as a percentage of a predicted value was 1.65 and 1.81, respectively. This study confirms that lowered ventilatory function is a strong risk factor for mortality among never-smokers of both sexes.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Phlegm production in plain cigarette smokers who changed to filter cigarettes or quit smoking.

Data from a prospective epidemiological study that included 2025 plain cigarette smokers were analysed to investigate the effect of phlegm production of changing to filter cigarettes or quitting smoking. During a 5-year follow-up, 189 subjects quitted smoking, 312 changed to filter cigarettes, while 1524 continued to smoke plain cigarettes. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for age, duration of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked, socio-economic status and alcohol consumption. Smokers with morning phlegm at enrollment, who changed to filter cigarettes during the follow-up, had a probability ratio of 1.9 of phlegm production ceasing, compared with smokers who continued to smoke plain cigarettes (P less than 0.05). However, the probability ratio of developing morning phlegm among smokers who changed to filter cigarettes compared to those who continued to smoke plain cigarettes was 1.6 (P less than 0.05). The overall prevalence of morning phlegm at the end of the follow-up was the same in smokers who changed to filter cigarettes as in persistent plain cigarette smokers. The trends for chronic phlegm were similar, although they did not reach statistical significance. The smokers who stopped smoking had a probability ratio of 0.4 of developing morning phlegm (P less than 0.01) and a ratio of 7.7 for ceasing to produce it (P less than 0.001) compared to the smokers who continued to smoke plain cigarettes. Our results suggest that changing from plain to filter cigarettes is associated with a higher frequency of cessation of phlegm production, but offers no protection against the development of phlegm.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Decline of the lung function related to the type of tobacco smoked and inhalation.

Data from a five year follow up study on 4372 smokers and 3753 non-smokers were analysed to investigate the influence of the type of tobacco smoked and whether the subjects said they inhaled or not on the decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The study sample comprised 1492 smokers of plain cigarettes and 1936 smokers of filter cigarettes, 1711 smokers of cheroots or cigars, and 233 male pipe smokers. Over the five years, smokers, especially those who said that they inhaled, had a higher rate of decline of FEV1 than non-smokers, in whom the average decline in FEV1 was 25 ml/year for women and 30 ml/year for men. There was no significant difference in the decline in FEV1 between filter cigarette smokers and plain cigarette smokers. The decline in FEV1 in cigar or cheroot smokers was the highest for all the smoking groups, and associated with a very high tobacco consumption in this group. Among pipe smokers who inhaled, the decline in FEV1 was slightly higher than in the cigarette smokers, whereas non-inhaling pipe smokers had a decline in FEV1 that was similar to that of non-smokers. In general, the smokers who said that they did not inhale had a smaller decline in FEV1 than those who said that they did. The effect of inhalation varied in magnitude in different smoking groups, being most pronounced in pipe smokers.

Female↗

PubMed1990

Relation of ventilatory impairment and of chronic mucus hypersecretion to mortality from obstructive lung disease and from all causes.

The relation of ventilatory impairment and chronic mucus hypersecretion to death from all causes and death from obstructive lung disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma) was studied in 13,756 men and women randomly selected from the general population of the City of Copenhagen. During the 10 year follow up 2288 subjects died. In 164 subjects obstructive lung disease was considered to be an underlying or a contributory cause of death (obstructive lung disease related death); in 73 subjects it was considered to be the underlying cause of death (obstructive lung disease death). Forced expiratory volume in one second, expressed as a percentage of the predicted value (FEV1% pred), and the presence of chronic phlegm were used to characterise ventilatory function and chronic mucus hypersecretion respectively. For mortality analysis the proportional hazards regression model of Cox was used; it included age, sex, pack years, inhalation habit, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and the presence or absence of asthma, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus as confounding factors. By comparison with subjects with an FEV1 of 80% pred or more, subjects with an FEV1 below 40% pred had increased risk of dying from all causes (relative risk (RR) = 5.0 for women, 2.7 for men), a higher risk of obstructive lung disease related death (RR = 57 for women, 34 for men), and a higher risk of obstructive lung disease death (RR = 101 for women, 77 for men). Chronic mucus hypersecretion was associated with only a slightly higher risk of death from all causes (RR = 1.1 for women, 1.3 for men). The association between chronic mucus hypersecretion and obstructive lung disease death varied with the level of ventilatory function, being weak in subjects with normal ventilatory function (for an FEV1 of 80% pred the RR was 1.2), but more pronounced in subjects with reduced ventilatory function (for an FEV1 of 40% pred the RR was 4.2). A similar though statistically non-significant trend was observed with regard to obstructive lung disease related death. This study shows that impaired lung function is very strongly related to total mortality, obstructive lung disease related mortality, and obstructive lung disease mortality and suggests that chronic mucus hypersecretion, in those with impaired ventilatory function, is also a significant risk factor for death from obstructive lung disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Ventilatory function and chronic mucus hypersecretion as predictors of death from lung cancer.

The relation of ventilatory function and chronic mucus hypersecretion to death from lung cancer has been studied in 13,946 subjects randomly selected from the general population of the city of Copenhagen, Denmark. During the 10-yr follow-up, 225 subjects died from lung cancer. Percent predicted FEV1 (%FEV1) and presence of chronic phlegm were used to characterize ventilatory function and chronic mucus hypersecretion, respectively. Mortality analysis employed the multiple regression model of Cox and included age, sex, pack-years of smoking, and inhalation as confounding factors. %FEV1 and chronic phlegm were found to be significant predictors of death from lung cancer. In both men and women with chronic phlegm, the risk of dying from lung cancer was 1.5 greater than in those without phlegm. Compared with subjects with %FEV1 greater than or equal to 80, the subjects with %FEV1 less than 40 and those with %FEV1 between 40 and 79 had a 3.9 and 2.1 higher risk of lung cancer death, respectively. A similar regression model in which %FEV1 was replaced with the ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC) showed that lowered FEV1/FVC was also a significant predictor of lung cancer death, the subjects with FEV1/FVC less than 0.6 (0.6 to 0.7) having a 2.6 (1.5) higher risk for lung cancer death than those with FEV1/FVC greater than or equal to 0.7. It is concluded that lowered ventilatory function and chronic mucus hypersecretion are both significant predictors of death from lung cancer, even after standardization for smoking.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Diabetes mellitus and ventilatory capacity: a five year follow-up study.

During a five year observation period, declines of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were investigated in 200 subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM), 126 subjects who developed DM during that period and 9,051 nondiabetic subjects. After statistical adjustment for age, sex, height, and tobacco consumption we found that the subjects who developed DM during the observation period had the steepest declines of ventilatory function. Their annual declines of FVC (and FEV1) were on average 29 ml (and 25 ml) greater than the declines observed among the nondiabetic subjects. The subjects who had DM during the whole observation period experienced a decline of ventilatory function which was not significantly greater than the decline among the nondiabetic subjects. Our results suggest that DM, at its onset, is associated with a significantly accelerated decline of ventilatory function. If DM has been present for some years, its impact on the decline of ventilatory function is small.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1989

Determinants of chronic mucus hypersecretion in a general population with special reference to the type of tobacco smoked.

Data from a prospective study of 3884 smokers and 3676 non-smokers followed for five years were analysed to investigate the determinants of chronic mucus hypersecretion (CMH). During the follow-up 414 (10.7%) smokers and 140 (3.8%) non-smokers developed CMH. The influence of the type of tobacco smoked (plain cigarettes, filter cigarettes, pipe and cheroots/cigars), lifetime tobacco consumption, age, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic status on the development of CMH was assessed in men and women separately using multiple logistic regression. In smokers of both sexes, the risk of developing CMH increased significantly with lifetime tobacco consumption and almost significantly with age. In male smokers, the risk of developing CMH increased with alcohol consumption but was not significantly related to the type of tobacco smoked. In female smokers, the risk of CMH increased significantly with short school education and was, after adjustment for the amount of tobacco smoked, approximately twice as high in cigarette smokers as in cheroot smokers. However, as female cheroot smokers on the average consumed much more tobacco than female cigarette smokers the incidence of CMH was almost the same in the two groups. Among current non-smokers, the risk of developing CMH increased with age and previous tobacco consumption. It is concluded that although a number of factors are associated with the development of CMH, tobacco smoking, regardless of the type of tobacco, is a major determinant of CMH.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen. I: Hereditary, educational and socioeconomic factors. Copenhagen City Heart Study.

The Copenhagen City Heart Study was designed to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Information about potential risk factors was collected from 14,223 persons during an initial examination (1976-78) (attendance rate 74%). Information about new cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was obtained from a second examination (1981-83), hospital registries and death registries up to December 31st 1983. This article deals with 'basic' risk factors, namely age, sex, some factors presumably of genetic character (family history of AMI, early parental death, height and earlobe crease) and social factors such as length of school education, income and marital status. The Cox regression model was used. As expected, the risk of first AMI increased with age and was highest among males. Earlobe crease and family history of AMI were found to be significant risk factors, the relative risk being 1.4 for both. No effect was found of early parental death and height. Low grade of education was associated with a higher risk, significantly so only in women, the relative risk being 1.7. Low income carried an increased risk, particularly for females. Cohabitation carried a higher risk, most pronounced in the low income group. Approximately half the effect of education was exerted through its influence on income and marital status.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1989

Chronic obstructive lung disease in Copenhagen: cross-sectional epidemiological aspects.

We analysed data from the Copenhagen City Heart Study to study the prevalence, possible risk factors for, and inter-relations between bronchial hypersecretion (BH) and chronic airflow limitation. The study sample consisted of 12,698 subjects between 20 years and 90 years of age, randomly selected from the population of the city of Copenhagen. The age-adjusted overall prevalence of BH in the population of Copenhagen was estimated to be 10.1%; 12.5% in men and 8.2% in women. The overall prevalence of clinically relevant chronic airflow limitation (forced expiratory volume in 1 s less than 60% of that predicted) was 3.7% and not significantly different between sexes. Both airflow limitation and BH increased with age, smoking, alcohol consumption, short education, and low income. However, the association of airflow limitation with alcohol consumption, education and income was much weaker than the association with smoking. Regardless of smoking habits, the majority of subjects with airflow limitation did not report symptoms of bronchial hypersecretion.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Diabetes mellitus, plasma glucose and lung function in a cross-sectional population study.

To assess possible associations between diabetes mellitus (DM), plasma glucose, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), we analysed the results from a cross-sectional study of 11,763 subjects. The subjects were 20 yrs of age or older and were representative of the population of Copenhagen City. Two hundred and eighty four of the participants had DM as assessed by questionnaire. One hundred and seven subjects who did not report having DM had a plasma concentration of glucose higher than or equal to 11.1 mmol.l-1. In all age groups of diabetic subjects there was a slight impairment of lung function. It was more prominent in diabetic subjects treated with insulin than in subjects treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents and/or diet. Even in subjects without known DM, there was a significant association between reduction in lung function and raised plasma glucose concentration. On average, FVC (and FEV1) was reduced by 334 ml (and 239 ml) in diabetic subjects treated with insulin, and by 184 ml (and 117 ml) in diabetic subjects treated with hypoglycaemic agents and/or diet compared to control subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Stroke incidence and risk factors for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Stroke incidence in Copenhagen, Denmark was recorded in a random population sample of 19,327 persons invited for two health examinations with 5 years' interval from 1976 to 1983. Stroke incidence increased exponentially with age. After adjustment to the age and sex distribution of the Danish population in 1980, the estimated incidence of first stroke was 1.41/1000 women and 2.48/1000 men; the total incidence was 1.94/1000 population. Risk factor analysis was based on the initial examination of 13,088 persons greater than 35 years old without previous stroke who responded to the first invitation, in whom 295 first strokes were subsequently observed. We used the regression model of Cox. However, our use of this model differs from the somewhat automatic procedures normally used to develop prognostic models. Evaluation of the causative effect of a particular risk factor requires that the direction of mutual influences between the factor in question and other risk factors is established/postulated. Among the 16 potential risk factors for stroke we examined, significant effects were found for age, sex, household income, smoking habits, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, plasma cholesterol concentration, ischemic heart disease, and atrial fibrillation. No significant effect could be demonstrated for a positive family history of stroke, years of school education, marital status, alcohol consumption, daily use of tranquilizers, body mass index, or postmenopausal hormone treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Pulmonary function is influenced by heavy alcohol consumption.

To study the possible impact of alcohol consumption on lung function (FEV1 and FVC), we observed 11,135 men and women for 5 yr. Subjects were between 20 and 90 yr of age and were selected so that they were representative of the population of the city of Copenhagen. The study population was stratified according to smoking habits and alcohol consumption. A total of 8,765 persons did not significantly change alcohol or smoking habits during the 5 yr of observation and constituted the study sample. The study sample included 32 women and 301 men with an alcohol consumption of greater than or equal to 350 g/wk (78 were nonsmokers). Multiple regression analysis showed that alcohol consumption significantly accelerated the loss of FEV1 and the loss of FVC with time. Consumption of 350 g of alcohol/wk had an effect on FEV1 comparable to the effect of smoking 15 g of tobacco/day.

Adult↗