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J Mouchet

Publications and source records attributed to J Mouchet.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Historical epidemiology of malaria in the archipelago of the Mascarenes (Indian Ocean)].

The Mascarenes Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues and Reunion) have been for the last few centuries a place of rest and convalescence for sailors, soldiers and inhabitants of the other regions of the Indian Ocean affected by "intermittent fevers". In the middle of the nineteenth century a severe and deadly malaria epidemic occurred first in Mauritius and then in Reunion Island. It took a century to bring the disease under control, but this has in no way diminished the risk of its re-introduction. Comparative study of the way the disease appeared and got established in these two islands and not in the adjoining ones (Rodrigues, Chagos, Seychelles) leads us to formulate the hypothesis that massive deforestation for sugar cane cultivation created a favourable environment for the implantation of the malaria vector, the african origin of which is beyond doubt. The evolution of the environment, subjected to natural catastrophe (cyclones) and to human activities (often as a consequence of economic development) has exerted pressure on the vector which in a way gives an answer of the development of the disease over time. This study highlights the importance of epidemiological analysis of the history of major communicable diseases not only in the cognitive context but also in predicting probable public health problem arising from environmental modifications.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Impact of the spraying of deltamethrin in a focus of leishmaniasis in Bolivia].

After one month of entomological observations to record pretreatment data, a sub Andean village of Yungas, Bolivia (alt. 1500 m) was sprayed at the beginning of the rainy season (January 1987). Houses were treated inside and outside with deltamethrin at 0.025 g/sq.m.; kennels, hen-houses and stacks of adobe were also sprayed in the same way. As a result of the treatment, Lutzomyia longipalpis, the local vector of visceral leishmaniasis, disappeared from houses and animal shelters for 9 and 10 months respectively. The impact of the treatment on the populations of Lu. nuneztovari and anglesi, the presumed vector of tegumentary leishmaniasis, was not obvious. As compared with pretreatment data, the rate of engorged females in houses decreased by two, and their density was also reduced. But these data are difficult to interpret due to the natural seasonal variation in density in this species. Moreover, the information from the control village did not correspond as expected. Lu. n. anglesi is a highly exophilic species in this area, a behaviour which could explain the limited impact of the treatment on this sandfly.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1989

[Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bolivia. 1. Description of study zone and prevalence of the disease].

An epidemiological survey of tegumentary leishmaniasis (Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis) was carried out in three regions of Bolivia in the Andean foothill and Amazonian forest. It was based on the record of lesions and scars on all the inhabitants of selected representative villages. In the Yungas, an area cultivated from the XVIIth century, males and females are equally infested, mostly before they were 10 years old (65%); 48% of scars were on the head. In Alto Beni and Pando, areas covered with primary rain forest, males are significantly more affected than females. The majority of scars were on the legs. The males of the three areas were equally affected. These results suggest that: --in the Yungas, contamination takes place among children in villages during the night; --in the Alto Beni and in the Pando, the infection rate is linked to the professional activities of adults, and men are more at risk than women. Only 7% of the lesions are evolving in grave forms of mucocutaneous ulcers. These forms represent the main load of the disease from the public health point of view. It has been found heavier in the Yungas (1.32%) and in the Alto Beni (1.14%) than in the Pando (0.21%). It should be noted that the first infection can give raise to several lesions. But reinfections are rare, which supports the view that the first infection is protective against the following ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bolivia. 2. Transmission patterns].

In Bolivia the transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (V.) braziliensis depends both on environmental factors and human activities. In the Yungas, transmission takes place in the houses during the night. The vector is Lutzomyia nuneztovari anglesi Le Pont & Desjeux, which enters the houses after 10 p.m. and leaves them before 6 a.m. This transmission pattern explains why men and women are equally infected, generally before 10 years old. Some more adults are infected very likely in coffee plantations or in the relict forest where the same vector species abounds and bites in daytime. In the Alto Beni, pioneers, mainly males, are infected when clearing the forest. Three Psychodopygus species have been shown to be the vectors. The risk is drastically decreasing when people establish in plantations or nearby villages because sandfly vectors do not get easily out of the forest cover. In the Pando, forest people are infected when harvesting Brazil-nuts or bleeding the rubber-trees, the two main activities in the area. It is very likely that Ps. c. carrerai is one of the vectors. Pando and Alto Beni primary rain-forests are natural primary foci of Le. braziliensis. So far the mammalian reservoirs are unknown but the circulation of the parasite has been proven by the fast contamination of receptive people entering the forest. The Yungas primary forest may be also considered as a relict focus. The cultivated area of the Yungas is an anthropic secondary focus. The vector Lu. n. anglesi became adapted to coffee plantations from which it enters the houses and transmits the parasite to man.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Malaria in Guiana. I. General status of the endemic].

Before 1949 malaria was highly prevalent in the whole territory of French Guiana. When malaria control based on house-spraying and drug prophylaxis was implemented in 1950 the disease sharply dropped below 20 cases per year. Since 1976 despite vector control malaria is rising again. In 1987, 3,269 cases have been notified giving an incidence of 37.6 per thousand for the whole country population; only four deaths were recorded. All the age groups were concerned but the transmission was restricted to some foci along the Oyapock river (prevalence rate 25%), along the Maroni river (prevalence 2.3%) and in a few places of the coastal area. The main cities remain malaria free. In vivo resistance to chloroquine was observed in 22% of the cases which could be cleared by amodiaquine or quinine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Malaria in Guiana. II. The characteristics of different foci and antimalarial control].

In French Guiana, the distribution of malaria in foci inhabited by quite different ethnic groups calls for specific studies. Along the Oyapock on the Brasilian border and along the Litani on the Surinam border, incidence among American Indians and Creoles ranges from 300 and 900 per thousand; Plasmodium falciparum accounts for 65% and P. vivax for 35%. Along the middle and lower Maroni on the Surinam border, the Boni and Ndjukas Negroes move freely through the frontier and since the civil strife Surinamese used to attend health centres of Guiana. Therefore it is difficult to find the sources of contamination and the incidence among French citizens; P. falciparum is the only parasite recorded in this focus. In 1987 a small outbreak mainly due to P. vivax, occurred in a Lao refugees village in the hinterland. The coastal foci harbour large communities of Haitian and Brazilian migrants. The vector is Anopheles darlingi and up to now there is no evidence that other species could be involved. The rise of malaria despite of control measures involves several factors: the house spraying is no more accepted by a large percentage of house holders and the alternative larviciding has only a limited efficacy; the houses of American Indians have no walls to be sprayed; there is a continuous introduction of parasites by migrants. It has been said that vectors have change their behaviour toward exophily but such a statement has not yet been supported by evidence. All these factors should be taken in account to improve malaria control.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Integrated malaria control achieves results in Mayotte.

A malaria control campaign in the island territory of Mayotte has achieved remarkable success owing to the integration of activities with the general health service and to the high degree of decentralization practised.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Control of malaria using mosquito nets impregnated with pyrethroids in Burkina Faso].

An experimental trial of malaria control was carried out in the village of Karangasso in the south-west Burkina Faso. It was based on the use by the whole population of deltamethrin impregnated bed nets at 25 mg/m2. During the first year pretreatment data on entomology, parasitology and pathological incidence of malaria were collected in the whole village. During the second year a quarter of the village with a population of 1,200 was chosen for the experiment and impregnated bed nets were given to everybody while the other quarter of the same population size was kept as a control area. Malaria transmission was reduced by 82% due to the decrease of both vector populations and sporozoitic indexes. It should be pointed out that this reduction in transmission was evaluated on non-protected catchers and consequently was underestimated for the villagers sleeping under nets. Parasitic index remained about the same but the mean parasitic load decreased significantly. Pathological incidence, based on the number of clinical malaria cases confirmed by blood examination, decreased by 59%. This trial shows that mass use of deltamethrin impregnated bed nets should be considered as a valuable tool for malaria control. The purchase of bed net is expensive but could be reduced sharply. The cost of the impregnation is very low regarding the residual effect which remains one year. The acceptance by the population was good.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Epidemiology of malaria and the antimalarial campaign in Mayotte (Comoro archipelago, Indian Ocean). Development of the situation between 1976 and 1986. Outlook].

Up to 1976 an integrated malaria control programme has been carried out in Mayotte island. By 1980, there was a drastic reduction of the number of the malaria cases and of the plasmodic index (below 1%). But in 1984, an uprise of cases and a consistent increase of the plasmodic index was observed throughout the island (up to 10%). It is supposed to be due to the laxity in malaria control measures. Immediately a reinforcement of all aspects of malaria control measures was undertaken. Every house is sprayed four times a year with fenitrothion (2 g/m2). Chemical and biological ("guppy" fishes) larviciding measures were extensively applied throughout the island together with simple environmental measures like filling peridomestic breeding sites. Mass chemoprophylaxis was gradually decreased and is now only applied for pregnant women according to the W.H.O. recommendations. Presumptive treatment of febrile cases is generalized before laboratory confirmation. The surveillance of malaria prevalence is a continuous process both active and passive but, every year, a randomized parasitical and serological survey is carried out in a sample of representative villages. In 1986 there was only 3 indigenous cases observed despite the introduction of numerous carriers from neighbouring infected countries. It appears that pertinent control can reduced or may be eliminate malaria transmission in a short period of time. But the maintenance of the malaria clearance in the local, ecological and geographical context need a continuation of the control measures at least for the near future, as the population has lost most of its immunity and has become highly vulnerable to malaria.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Hemoglobin abnormalities. An evaluation on new-born infants and their mothers in a maternity unit close to Brazzaville (P.R. Congo).

In order to evaluate the polymorphism of hemoglobin in a population of Equatorial Africa, we undertook a prospective study of 146 births at a rural maternity hospital close to Brazzaville (P.R. Congo). This showed among the mothers 31 (22%) carriers of the sickle cell trait (AS), six with delta mutation, and two with beta-thalassemia trait. Among the children, 27 (18.5%) had sickle cell trait and one had sickle cell homozygosity. The frequency of the HbF Sardinia trait was 7.5%. This and other studies suggested a dilution gradient from Europe to Africa. Hemoglobin Bart's could be visually detected in 23.3% of the new-born babies. We attempted to distinguish between those infants with a high level of Hb Bart's (Bart's ++ group: 13.7%) and a group with a detectable Hb Bart's level that in our experimental conditions is between 1 and 2% (Bart's + group: 9.6%). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were 88.6 +/- 5.7 fl and 29.0 +/- 2.1 pg in the Bart's ++ group; 94.5 +/- 10.9 fl and 30.6 +/- 4.1 pg in the Bart's + group; whereas they were 101.0 +/- 8.7 fl and 33.9 +/- 2.5 pg in the control group. Since iron deficiencies are very rare in new-borns and selecting according to published data on black people as homozygous alpha-thalassemia of the type I (-alpha/-alpha), individuals of the Bart's ++ group whose MCV was below 95 fl and MCV below 30 pg, the gene frequency is estimated to be 34% and that of heterozygotes (-alpha/alpha alpha) 45%. These high frequencies were confirmed in AS mothers: 45% showed a significant decrease of the S fraction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Malaria, cause of ahaptoglobinaemia in Africans.

The lack of serum haptoglobin in Africans has been investigated in the Congo, Central Africa, where HpO prevalence is about 30%. This study shows that it is possible to suppress ahaptoglobinaemia within a few weeks by antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, that it does not occur in protected individuals, that ahaptoglobinaemia reappears at its original incidence levels after interruption of chemoprophylaxis, and that some individuals are more susceptible in relation to Hp2 gene. Malaria is the only significant cause of ahaptoglobinaemia in subjects both with and without detectable parasitaemia. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.

Amodiaquine↗
PubMed1985

[Dengue in Burkina Faso (ex-Upper Volta): seasonal epidemics in the urban area of Ouagadougou].

During the rainy season of 1982 30 patients (29 european and 1 voltaic) presented with an intense dengue-like syndrome in Ouagadougou city. 73.3% of these cases possessed anti-flavivirus fluorescent antibodies while 30%, were positive for specific anti-Dengue IgM antibodies. Vero type E 6 cell cultures were used to isolate six strains of Dengue 2 virus; monoclonal antibodies were used for viral identification. These strains constitute the first isolates of human Dengue virus in Upper Volta. Authors present conditions of virus isolations, describe the observed syndrome and discuss the epidemiological interest of this outbreak.

Adolescent↗