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Biomedical subjects

J M Russell

Publications and source records attributed to J M Russell.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Effects of chronic arterial hypertension on constitutive and induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in vivo.

Recent reports indicate that bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and cytokines elicit a more profound increase in the surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cultured endothelial cells derived from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) versus normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Our objective in this study was to characterize and compare in vivo ICAM-1 expression in SHR and WKY under basal conditions and after 5 hours of endothelial cell activation with either lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg i.p.) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; 1, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg i.p.). ICAM-1 expression was quantified in different tissues by the double-radiolabeled monoclonal antibody technique. When constitutive (baseline) ICAM-1 expression was corrected for endothelial cell surface area, significantly higher values were noted in SHR than WKY but only in splanchnic organs. Lipopolysaccharide and TNF-alpha elicited significant increases in ICAM-1 expression in all tissues of both WKY and SHR. However, the magnitude of the lipopolysaccharide-induced ICAM-1 upregulation in heart, stomach, skeletal muscle, and brain was significantly lower in SHR than WKY. A similar blunted ICAM-1 upregulation was noted in the stomach of SHR after administration of 5 micrograms/kg TNF-alpha. The differences in induced ICAM-1 expression between SHR and WKY do not appear to be due to differences in endothelial cell surface area or plasma glucocorticoid levels. These results suggest that chronic arterial hypertension results in altered ICAM-1 expression on the endothelium, which may contribute to the abnormal inflammatory responses associated with this disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in arthroscopic surgery.

A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of 437 patients undergoing arthroscopic diagnostic and operative procedures found that no deep infections occurred in any patient and only one superficial infection occurred in a patient who did not receive prophylactic antibiotics. One patient had a mild allergic reaction to the antibiotic that resolved after treatment with Benadryl. These results suggest that the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics is not indicated for patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery and that the slight risk of infection is outweighed by the cost of the antibiotics and the slight risk of allergic reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Temporal lobe perfusion asymmetries in schizophrenia.

UNLABELLED: Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques have consistently demonstrated that abnormal lateralization of temporal lobes may be important in identifying the pathophysiologic processes in schizophrenia. The exact nature of these reported abnormalities has not been consistent. METHODS: We examined temporal lobe perfusion using HMPAO-SPECT in 22 individuals with schizophrenia in an effort to establish whether temporal lobe perfusion asymmetry is seen in these individuals, as compared to a group of 22 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS: We found that the asymmetry index, a measure of perfusion differences between two homologous compared areas, was lower (more negative) in schizophrenic individuals. The asymmetry indices of patients considered with the results from globally corrected ROI means indicated that the left temporal lobes of individuals with schizophrenia were significantly hypoperfused when compared to controls. This finding does not appear to be caused by medication effects, demographic variables, handedness, imaging artifacts or analysis techniques. CONCLUSION: In our sample, patients with schizophrenia appear to have significant left hypoperfusion relative to right of their temporal lobes. Abnormal lateralization of temporal lobe blood flow may have important clinical implications by assisting with diagnosis and appropriate treatment for individuals with schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

SPECT image analysis using statistical parametric mapping: comparison of technetium-99m-HMPAO and technetium-99m-ECD.

UNLABELLED: The goal of this study was to examine the apparent differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) between two groups of normal individuals who received either of the two tracers, 99mTc-D,L-hexamethylpropylene amine oxide (99mTc-HMPAO, or exametazime) or 99mTc-ethylene-dicysteine diethylester (99mTc-ECD, or bicisate). METHODS: Individuals were screened for drug use, head injury, medication status and other psychiatric and medical illnesses. The two groups were matched for age, sex and race. SPECT measurement of brain perfusion was performed in 35 individuals who received 99mTc-HMPAO and in 55 who received 99mTc-ECD. Subsequent analysis of these scans was done using computer software including Statistical Parametric Mapping and Analyze. Images were intensity-thresholded and spatially normalized to a standardized stereotactic (Talairach) space. This allowed for the objective, quantitative analysis of these data, demonstrating the extent and magnitude of rCBF changes. RESULTS: Our results showed significant changes between these two groups of normal individuals, presumably due to differences in pharmacokinetics between the two radiolabeled tracers. Specifically, large areas of the parietal, occipital and superior temporal cortices were significantly lower in the 99mTc-HMPAO group than in the 99mTc-ECD group. Increases were seen in the subcortical nuclei, parts of the brain stem, hippocampus and small areas of the cerebellum in the 99mTc-HMPAO group as compared to the 99mTc-ECD group. CONCLUSION: We present a method of image analysis to semiquantitatively measure rCBF in SPECT images and the changes seen due to differences between the two radiotracers.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Elevated [Cl-]i, and [Na+]i inhibit Na+, K+, Cl- cotransport by different mechanisms in squid giant axons.

Bumetanide-sensitive (BS) unidirectional fluxes of (36)Cl- or (22)Na+ were measured in internally dialyzed squid giant axons while varying the intra- or extracellular concentrations of Na+ and/or Cl-. Raising either [Cl-]i or [Na+]i resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of the BS influx of both (36)Cl- and (22)Na+. Raising [Cl-]i above 200 mM completely blocked BS influxes. However, raising [Na+]i to 290 mM resulted in saturable but incomplete inhibition of both BS Na+ influx and BS Cl- influx. The consequences of varying intracellular Cl- on cotransporter effluxes were complex. At lower [Cl-]i values (below 100 mM) intracellular Cl- activated cotransporter effluxes. Surprisingly, however, raising [Cl-]i levels > 125 mM resulted in a [Cl-]i-dependent inhibition of BS effluxes of both Na+ and Cl-. On the other hand, raising [Na+]i resulted only in the activation of the BS Na+ efflux; intracellular Na+ did not inhibit BS efflux even at 290 mM. The inhibitory effects of intracellular Na+ on cotransporter-mediated influxes, and lack of inhibitory effects on BS effluxes, are consistent with the trans-side inhibition expected for an ordered binding/release model of cotransporter operation. However, the inhibitory effects of intracellular Cl- on both influxes and effluxes are not explained by such a model. These data suggest that Cl may interact with an intracellular site (or sites), which does not mediate Cl transport, but does modulate the transport activity of the Na+, K+, Cl- cotransporter.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Improvement in subjective work performance after treatment of chronic depression: some preliminary results. Chronic Depression Study Group.

We analyzed the relationship between depression and patient-assessed or clinician-rated work performance among chronically depressed patients followed for 12 weeks in a large clinical trial. The data were collected in a double-blind design comparing sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, with imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, in 12 academic centers nationwide. Incorporating work-related questions from a portfolio of rating scales used to assess depression, we constructed several measures of work performance, assessed at baseline and at Week 12 of the clinical investigation, and examined how they changed with improvement in depressive symptoms. As depressive symptoms subsided following treatment, patients reported substantial improvement in our measures of work performance. Eighty-six percent of the cohort reported some improvement from base-line to Week 12. The extent of improvement in work performance correlates highly with improvement in the depressive symptoms measured on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Treatment of depression with antidepressant medications resulted in substantial improvement in subjective work performance among the patients studied.

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1995

A double-blind randomized placebo cross-over controlled trial using the antioxidant vitamin E to treat reactive oxygen species associated male infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the in vivo administration of vitamin E as treatment for reactive oxygen species-associated male infertility. SETTING: University-based center for reproductive medicine. DESIGN: Double-blind randomized placebo cross-over controlled trial. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Thirty healthy men with high levels of reactive oxygen species generation in semen and a normal female partner. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated to two groups according to the blinded randomization. Each patient received either 600 mg/d of vitamin E (Ephynal, 300 mg tablets; F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basle, Switzerland) (order A) or identical placebo tablets (order B) for 3 months. Then after a 1-month wash-out period the patients were crossed-over to the other treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Improvement in the in vitro function of the spermatozoa measured by conventional semen analysis, computerized motility assessment, determination of reactive oxygen species generation, binding to the zona pellucida of the unfertilized human oocyte in a competitive zona binding assay, development of hyperactivated motility (both spontaneous and in the presence of 20% of the natural agonist, human follicular fluid) and pregnancy. RESULTS: Rise in the blood serum vitamin E levels after treatment accompanied by improvement in one of the sperm function tests: the zona binding assay. The zona binding ratio for order A improved from 0.2 (range 0 to 0.5) before treatment to 0.5 (range 0.1 to 1.0) after treatment, the corresponding values for order B were 0.2 (range 0 to 1.0) before treatment and 0.3 (range 0.1 to 0.7) after treatment. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of vitamin E significantly improves the in vitro function of human spermatozoa as assessed by the zona binding test.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Evaluating a designated family planning clinic within a genitourinary medicine clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an integrated family planning clinic (FPC) established by genitourinary medicine (GUM) staff held within a GUM women-only clinic (WOC). DESIGN: A retrospective case note review of women attending the FPC during the first year January-December 1992. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen women, aged 13-41 years, attended the FPC; 45 were new attenders, six had previously tested antibody positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), seven were intravenous drug users; 54% had a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD); 17.7% were using no contraception; 32.7% had previous termination of pregnancy (TOP) with 70 TOPs in total. Within three months of FPC attendance 89 (78.8%) women had genital STD screening performed; syphilis, HIV and hepatitis B serology, together with cervical cytology were performed in 77, 18, 13 and 62 women respectively. Infections identified were similar to those identified in the GUM clinic but the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in diagnosed infections was commoner in FPC attenders and epidemiological treatment commoner in GUM attenders. No high grade cytology abnormalities were detected. No positive syphilis or new HIV positive results were identified; five women were found to be hepatitis B surface antibody positive. Contraception was changed in 60.8%. Most frequently supplied was the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP). At the first FPC attendance six women required post coital contraception (PCC) and five were already pregnant, three suspected it, two were unaware. During the year three women conceived; two used COCP, but were non compliant; one used a diaphragm with unclear compliance. Seven of the eight pregnancies were terminated. Over the following year, 1992-93, contraception was supplied to 42 women; four required PCC; two intentional pregnancies occurred. Only one of the TOP women returned. CONCLUSION: An integrated FPC provides co-ordinated sexual health care. Pregnancy, TOP and FPC re-attendance rates together with improvement strategies are discussed. Avoiding unwanted pregnancy remains a universal challenge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of okadaic acid and intracellular Cl- on Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransport.

The Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransporter of the squid giant axon requires ATP and is inhibited by intracellular Cl- (Cli-) in a concentration-dependent manner ([Cl-]i > or = 200 mM completely inhibits the cotransporter). In the present study we address the question of whether inhibition of cotransport by Cli- is due to a Cl(i-)-induced increase of protein phosphatase activity. Intracellular dialysis was used to apply the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (OKA) under conditions of [Cl-]i at 0, 150, or 300 mM during measurement of cotransporter-mediated unidirectional Cl- influx into axons. At 0 mM [Cl-]i, the application of 250 nM OKA had no effect on the cotransport-mediated Cl- influx when axons were dialyzed with the normal intracellular ATP concentration ([ATP]i = 4 mM). Reduction of [ATP] to 50 microM resulted in a significant decrease of the bumetanide-sensitive CL- influx, which could be partially reversed by OKA treatment. Similarly, in ATP-limited axons with [Cl-]i at 150 mM, cotransporter influx was partially stimulated by treatment with OKA. However, axons dialyzed with 300 mM [Cl-]i ([ATP]i = 50 microM) had no measurable cotransport influx, nor was subsequent treatment with OKA able to induce a cotransport-mediated Cl- influx. We conclude that the inhibition of cotransport caused by Cli- is not the result of an increase in the OKA-sensitive protein phosphatase activity.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1995

Femoral lengthening in patients having abnormal ipsilateral hip or knee.

Femoral lengthening using the Wagner technique was performed for 13 patients with abnormal adjacent joints. An average of 6.3 cm (19.5%) of lengthening was achieved. Three patients had no difficulties during lengthening. Transient non-surgical problems identified were blood pressure elevation, nerve palsy, and psychiatric reactions. Significant obstructions or complications occurred 13 times in nine cases. These included contractures of ipsilateral joints, angulations of the lengthened femur, Wagner device slippage, nonunion, and late hip subluxation. Other authors have reported similar difficulties in patients with normal ipsilateral joints. In this series, the advantage of achieving greater length appeared to outweigh the complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of tenidap on leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in mesenteric venules.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the proinflammatory effects of tenidap to those of indomethacin, and to assess the influence of lipoxygenase inhibition with either a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor (L663,536) or tenidap on platelet activating factor (PAF) induced leukocyte adhesion. METHODS: Adherent leukocytes, emigrated leukocytes, number of rolling leukocytes/100 microns venule, flux of rolling leukocytes, and leukocyte rolling velocity were quantitated in mesenteric venules (25-35 microns diameter and > 150 microns length) of Sprague-Dawley rats using intravital microscopy. In some experiments, the mesentery was superfused with indomethacin (25 micrograms/ml), tenidap (30 micrograms/ml), or both drugs simultaneously. In other experiments the mesentery was superfused with PAF 100 nM and the effects of treatment with L663,536 (10 mg/kg given orally) or superfusion with tenidap were determined. RESULTS: Indomethacin significantly increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion. Tenidap did not promote leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and blocked the increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion promoted by indomethacin. Both L663,536 and tenidap significantly attenuated PAF induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. CONCLUSION: Tenidap does not exhibit the proinflammatory properties of indomethacin. The reduction of indomethacin or PAF induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by tenidap appeared to result from its lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion may be a novel mechanism of the antiinflammatory activity of tenidap and may reduce the relative risk of gastric ulceration with tenidap.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Human cytomegalovirus infection increases the number of ouabain-binding sites in human fibroblasts.

Infection of permissive human embryo fibroblasts (MRC-5) with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) increased the number of copies of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase (the Na+ pump) in the plasma membrane, measured as ouabain-binding sites. The increase was preceded by cell enlargement by about 24 hr, becoming significant between 48 and 72 hr after infection. Reduction in Na+ or Cl- concentration in the culture media immediately after infection partially prevented the increase in the number of ouabain-binding sites. The effect was reversible upon restoring Cl- or Na+ to the incubation medium, but withdrawal of either ion at 24 or 48 hr PE failed to prevent the increase in the number of binding sites. These results suggest that the processes that resulted in the increase of copies of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase required both Na+ and Cl- during the first 24 hr PE. Amiloride and ethylisopropylamiloride, two inhibitors of Na+ transport mechanisms of the plasma membrane have been previously shown to reduce the amount of virus yields and to prevent the onset of cytomegaly (Fons et al., 1991, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 196, 89-96). We show here that these agents partially block the increase in ouabain-binding sites caused by HCMV infection.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1994

Who is publishing in Theriogenology and on what subjects?

An analysis of 503 articles published in the journal Theriogenology in 1984, 1987 and 1990 was conducted to identify research trends and researchers publishing in the journal. A 30.5% increase in the number of papers published was found for 1990. During the 3 yr period studied, the United States and Canada accounted for 63.1% of the total number of articles published, followed by European countries with 14.3%, and by Asia with 12.0%. At least 1 paper was published from 41 countries. The United States, at the top of the list, increased its share from 16% in 1984 to 21% in 1990. The number of papers from Japan increased significantly while the percentage of participation from Europe declined. The female animal was the sole subject of 63.2% of the articles, and cattle were the most researched species, appearing in 44.3% of the studies. Although the estrous cycle was the most studied reproductive event in all 3 yr, there was also a trend for the popularity of this topic to decrease in favor of the subject fertilization. The number of authors per paper increased significantly over the years analyzed, as did the number of studies carried out in international cooperation. Institutes of higher education were represented in almost 70% of the papers, followed by research institutes (12.8%). The present analysis confirms the central role that the journal Theriogenology plays in the world-wide communication of research results in animal reproduction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of the palliative effects of strontium-89 and external beam radiotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer.

From 1988 to 1991, 284 patients with prostatic cancer and painful bone metastases were treated with either radiotherapy or strontium-89 (200 MBq). Patients were first stratified according to suitability for local or hemibody radiotherapy, then randomly allocated that form of treatment or strontium-89 (i.v. injection). After 4, 8 and 12 weeks pain sites were mapped, toxicity monitored, and all additional palliative treatments recorded. There was no significant difference in median survival (after > 80% had died); 33 weeks following strontium-89 and 28 weeks following radiotherapy (p = 0.1). All treatments provided effective pain relief; improvement was sustained to 3 months in 63.6% after hemibody radiotherapy compared with 66.1% after strontium-89, and in 61% after local radiotherapy compared with 65.9% in the comparable strontium-89 group. Fewer patients reported new pain sites after strontium-89 than after local or hemibody radiotherapy (p < 0.05). Radiotherapy to a new site was required by 12 patients in the local radiotherapy group compared with 2 after strontium-89 (p < 0.01), although there was no significant difference between hemibody radiotherapy (6 patients) and strontium-89 (9 patients) in this respect. Platelets and leukocytes fell by an average 30-40% after strontium-89 but sequelae were uncommon, and other symptoms rare.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Mediators of endotoxin-induced leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric postcapillary venules.

Intravital video microscopy was used to monitor and quantify leukocyte-endothelial cell adherence, leukocyte emigration, venular shear rate, and leukocyte rolling velocity in cat mesenteric venules exposed to E. coli endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS induced a steady decrease in venular shear rate and leukocyte rolling velocity while increasing leukocyte adherence and emigration. The molecular determinants and chemical mediators of LPS-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion were investigated using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the adhesion glycoproteins CD11/CD18 on leukocytes (MAb IB4) and ICAM-1 (MAb RR1/1) on endothelial cells as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist (WEB 2086). Leukocyte adherence was significantly (P < .05) reduced by administration of either the CD11/CD18 MAb or SOD, while the PAF receptor antagonist and ICAM-1 MAb had no effect. None of the four agents studied significantly altered LPS-induced leukocyte emigration, venular shear rate, or leukocyte rolling velocity. These results indicate that the leukocyte adherence induced by LPS is dependent on the adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18 and superoxide, and that an endothelial cell ligand other than ICAM-1 participates in this adhesion process.

Animals↗