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Biomedical subjects

J M Best

Publications and source records attributed to J M Best.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Herpes simplex virus detection by ELISA: effect of enzyme amplification, nature of lesion sampled and specimen treatment.

The relative sensitivity of two enzyme detection procedures was investigated in a simultaneous "monoclonal" ELISA for herpes simplex virus (HSV). A cyclical enzyme amplified detection system with alkaline phosphatase, rather than horse-radish peroxidase and a conventional chromogenic substrate, gave an increase in absolute sensitivity and a 20 to 30% increase in the detection of HSV in routine isolation-positive genital specimens collected in transport medium. The HSV detection rate, with both procedures, was shown to vary with the site and clinical stage of lesion sampled; it was highest with penile vesicular lesions. Direct extraction of the swab specimen in a small volume of diluent further increased the sensitivity of antigen detection giving positive and negative predictive values of 100 and 96% respectively. The overall sensitivity of HSV detection was equivalent to that obtained by isolation in cell culture. The amplified ELISA offers an alternative, rapid, simple, non-culture technique for routine HSV diagnosis that does not rely upon retention of virus viability.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1985

Failure of acyclovir cream in treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.

A double blind, randomised, crossover placebo controlled trial of 5% acyclovir cream, applied topically five times a day for five days, was carried out in 45 patients with recurrent herpes labialis. These patients had a total of 72 episodes, 34 of which were treated with the 5% acyclovir cream and 38 with placebo cream. Treatment was begun by the patients as soon as possible after the onset of prodromal symptoms. There was no significant clinical benefit from treatment with acyclovir cream compared with placebo cream. The median healing times were nine days with acyclovir cream, 10 days with placebo cream, and 13 days when no treatment was given. The possibility that the 40% propylene glycol cream base alone has a therapeutic effect must therefore be considered.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1985

Detection of rubella-specific IgM in subclinical rubella reinfection in pregnancy.

Seven cases of asymptomatic rubella reinfection in early pregnancy are described. In each, there was a history of exposure to a rubelliform illness and low levels of rubella-specific IgM subsequently appeared in the serum. Four of the women had been immunised, after having been shown to be susceptible to rubella, one had been immunised at school without previous antibody screening, and two were uncertain about immunisation. One pregnancy was terminated and rubella virus was not isolated from the products of conception. Six pregnancies went to term and the infants showed no evidence of intrauterine infection. In a further case it was impossible to discriminate between reinfection and primary infection, and termination of pregnancy was offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Persistence of serum IgA antibodies to herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus, and rubella virus detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect IgG and IgA antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and rubella virus in sera from 68 adult female gynaecological patients. Of the patients who had virus-specific IgG antibodies, the proportion who also had virus-specific IgA was 98% for HSV, 75% for VZV, 73% for rubella virus, and 42% for CMV. IgA antibodies to all four viruses were only found when specific IgG antibodies were also detected in the serum. These results suggest that virus-specific IgA may persist for several years; possible explanations for this are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Development and persistence of class-specific antibodies in the serum and nasopharyngeal washings of rubella vaccinees.

Serial samples of serum and nasopharyngeal washings were obtained from 43 volunteers given one of four rubella vaccines (HPV77.DE5, RA27/3, To-336, and Cendehill) and from nine naturally infected volunteers. Rubella-specific serum IgG was detected by radioimmunoassay for up to 12 years in all but one vaccinee, and booster responses occurred in 23.3% of vaccinees. Rubella-specific serum IgA was detected in 37 (90.2%) of 41 vaccinees one year after vaccination but in only five (45.5%) of 11 vaccinees tested 10-12 years after vaccination. Low levels of rubella-specific IgM detected by M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay persisted in seven volunteers--four of them HPV77.DE5 vaccinees--four more than one year after vaccination. Rubella-specific nasopharyngeal IgA was detected for up to five years after natural infection or vaccination with RA27/3 but for no longer than three years among Cendehill, HPV77.DE5, and To-336 vaccinees. Nasopharyngeal IgG antibodies were detected less frequently and at lower levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of Rubazyme-M and MACRIA for the detection of rubella-specific IgM.

One-hundred and eighty-six carefully selected sera were tested for rubella-specific IgM by Rubazyme-M (Abbott Diagnostics) and an M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA). Eleven of these sera were from cases of infectious mononucleosis, six of which gave positive results in MACRIA, while one gave a positive result in Rubazyme-M. Of the remaining 175 sera, 158 gave concordant results whilst 17 sera gave discordant results; these 17 were also tested by serum fractionation. Problems were encountered with all assay systems used. It is therefore recommended that the results of all tests for rubella-specific IgM should be interpreted with caution.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Viremia, virus excretion, and antibody responses after challenge in volunteers with low levels of antibody to rubella virus.

After intranasal challenge of volunteers with rubella virus vaccine, viremia was assayed by inoculation of lymphocytes and whole blood from vaccines into Vero cell cultures. Viremia was detected in one of 19 volunteers with low levels (less than or equal to 15 IU) of preexisting vaccine-induced antibody to rubella virus, in eight of 10 seronegative volunteers, in none of 10 seropositive volunteers (antibody level, greater than 15 IU), and in none of 12 volunteers with low levels of preexisting naturally acquired antibody. Excretion of the virus was detected in four volunteers with preexisting vaccine-induced antibody but in none with naturally acquired antibody; eight of 10 seronegative volunteers excreted virus. After challenge, all volunteers with low levels of preexisting vaccine-induced antibody developed booster antibody responses that were measured by radioimmunoassay, and low levels of rubella-specific IgM were detected in four volunteers by M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay. One seronegative, one seropositive, and five low-titer volunteers developed arthralgia. The risk of viremia after challenge in individuals with low levels of rubella antibody appears to be low but may be higher than usual when immunity is induced by rubella vaccine.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1982

Rubella vaccination: persistence of antibodies for up to 16 years.

Sera from 123 volunteers vaccinated six to 16 years previously with one of four rubella vaccines (Cendehill, RA27/3, HPV77-DE5, and To-336) were tested for rubella antibodies by single radial haemolysis and radioimmunoassay. By radioimmunoassay 110 (89.4%) of the vaccinees had antibody concentrations greater than the minimum immune titre (that is, greater than 15,000 IU/1), 11 (8.9%) were seropositive but had concentrations less than or equal to 15,000 IU/1, and two (1.6%) were seronegative. Eight (6.5%) were seronegative by single radial haemolysis, of whom five had received Cendehill vaccine. Six to eight years after vaccination subjects who had received Cendehill vaccine had the lowest geometric mean titre of antibody by radioimmunoassay while the subjects who had received HPV77-DE5 vaccine had the highest. Although antibody concentrations less than or equal to 15,000 IU/1 were not detected among subjects given RA27/3 vaccine six to eight years previously, such low levels were detected in two (15.4%) vaccinated 11-16 years previously. These results emphasise the importance of long-term surveillance programmes so that vaccination policies may be reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

A geographical study of antibodies to membrane antigens of HSV-2-infected cells and HSV-2-specific antibodies in patients with cervical cancer.

Sera was obtained from patients with squamous carcinoma of the cervix from Great Britain (29), Sri Lanka (32), Malawi (27), and Sudan (27), and from controls from all countries except Sudan. Controls were matched for ethnic origin, age and social class. Sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) for IgG and IgA antibodies to membrane antigens (MA) and IgA antibodies to VCA of HSV-2 infected cells. Compared with controls, IgA antibodies to MA (IgA anti-MA) were detected more frequently and at higher titres in all groups of patients. However, there was no significant difference in prevalence of these antibodies at titres greater than or equal to 1:4 between Malawian patients and controls, although a significantly higher proportion of patients had IgA anti-MA titres of greater than or equal to 1:16. In contrast, IgA anti-VCA did not distinguish patients from controls. More than 90% of both patients and controls from all countries had IgG antibodies to MA (IgA anti-MA). Malawian patients had a significantly higher geometric mean titre (GMT) of IgG anti-MA than controls and both patients and controls had significantly higher GMTs than their counterparts from other countries. The variation between herpes IgG anti-MA titres in subjects from different countries did not reflect differences in serum immunoglobulin levels and similar variations in titre were not seen in rubella and measles HAI titres. Among the patients there was a geographical variation in the prevalence of HSV-2 specific antibodies detected by ELISA, which varied from 52% among British and Sudanese patients to 73% among Malawian patients. Even when adjustment was made for possible false negative results, there were between 10 and 31% patients without HSV-2-specific antibodies, although only 2 of 103 (1.9%) patients had neither HSV-1 nor HSV-2 antibodies. The association of HSV-2 with cervical carcinoma appeared to vary with age.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Rubella viraemia and antibody responses after rubella vaccination and reimmunization.

Eleven 4-13 year old schoolgirls, who were seronegative by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) tests despite having been given HPV77-DE5 vaccine 3-9 years previously, were revaccinated with RA27/3. They showed evidence of residual immunity since they had accelerated immune responses, little or no rubella-specific IgM, no viraemia, and no vaccine-induced reactions. In contrast, all but one of the five adult women who were primary vaccinees showed a more delayed immune response. Three of four women tested had viraemia and two had vaccine-induced reactions. Enhanced HI and enhanced RIA showed that many of the schoolgirls had antibody before challenge, as did a fifth adult, who also showed an accelerated immune response, yet became viraemic.

Adolescent↗