Biomedical subjects
J Kumpulainen
Publications and source records attributed to J Kumpulainen.
Effect of volatility and adsorption during dry ashing on determination of chromium in biological materials.
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[Chromium as a biologically active mineral].
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Contents of Fusarium toxins in Finnish and imported grains and feeds.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of trichothecenes in representative samples of Finnish and imported cereals and feeds from the 1987 and 1988 crops. Trichothecene concentrations were determined in samples as trimethylsilylether derivatives by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD) using selected ion monitoring (SIM) which proved to be a reliable and sufficiently sensitive technique. Representative samples of Finnish and imported oats, wheat, barley, rye, maize gluten, soy granules, rapeseed, turnip rapeseed, fish meal, poultry feed and pig feed were analysed employing 19-nortestosterone as an internal standard. Almost all grain and feed samples contained deoxynivalenol (DON) from 7 to 300 micrograms/kg and smaller amounts (13-120 micrograms/kg) of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON). The most toxic trichothecenes, T-2, HT-2 toxins and nivalenol (NIV) and also zeralenone (ZEN) were found at low concentrations in some samples. Six lots of oats containing 1.3-2.6 mg/kg of DON and 0.2-0.6 mg/kg of 3-AcDON were found in the Finnish grain samples. Silo samples of almost all imported grains contained DON but at levels below 50 micrograms/kg. Imported grains contained no other trichothecenes. DON, 3-AcDON and ZEN were found in imported feedstuffs at low concentrations.
Lead and cadmium in some cereal products on the Finnish market 1990-91.
Lead and cadmium contents were determined in representatively collected (commercial mills, wholesalers) samples of rye flour, breakfast cereals, porridge flakes, muesli cereals and pasta products. The samples were digested by heating them overnight in concentrated HNO3. Lead and cadmium concentrations were determined by GFAAS using a platform and (NH4)H2PO4 as a matrix modifier. ARC/CL coded wheat flour and other reference materials (NBS 1567a, BCR no. 189, BCR no. 191) were employed for the analytical quality control. Lead and cadmium contents found in the above samples were generally much lower than the present tolerance limits in Finland (300 micrograms/kg and 100 micrograms/kg respectively). The mean cadmium and lead contents of rye flours studied were very low, being 9 micrograms/kg and 16 micrograms/kg respectively. The mean contents of lead and cadmium in wheat-based breakfast cereals were 22 and 42, in rye products 19 and 26, in oats 17 and 2, in maize products 11 and 18 and in rice products 31 and 10 micrograms/kg, respectively. The mean contents of lead and cadmium in muesli cereals were 34 and 27 micrograms/kg. Remarkably high cadmium contents were found in some pastas made from imported durum wheat. The mean cadmium content of all past products was 79 micrograms/kg with a range of 26-182 micrograms/kg. Lead contents were low, with a mean of 18 micrograms/kg, and a range of 8 to 66 micrograms/kg. Cereals contribute about 59% of the average total dietary cadmium intake in Finland. Nearly 60% of the total cereal consumption is wheat and 27% rye. Since rye has a lower cadmium content than wheat, rye is preferable to wheat. About 15% of lead is derived from cereals. As the total intake of heavy metals is very low in Finland, there is no need to alter cereal consumption.
Lead and cadmium contents in pork, beef and chicken, and in pig and cow liver in Finland during 1991.
Nationally representative samples of pork, beef, chicken, and pig's and cow's liver were collected from slaughterhouses and pooled to represent the collection area of each slaughterhouse. The lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contents of the freeze-dried samples were analysed after wet digestion in concentrated HNO3 using ETAAS (Varian Spectra AA 400), Zeeman background correction and (NH4)H2PO4 as the matrix modifier. A strict analytical quality control programme including reference materials and recovery tests was employed. The average Pb content of beef (tenderloin) was 10 micrograms/kg, ground beef 8 micrograms/kg, cow's liver 37 micrograms/kg, pork (regular loin) 9 micrograms/kg, pig's liver 11 micrograms/kg and chicken 6 micrograms/kg. The mean Cd contents of beef, pork and chicken were lower than the limit of detection of the method employed. The mean Cd content of cow's liver was 66 micrograms/kg (cow) and 36 micrograms/kg (heifer) and that of pig's liver 21 micrograms/kg. The contents of lead and cadmium were low in all samples studied, approximately the same level or lower than those found in earlier Finnish studies. These results are in good agreement with the earlier Finnish Market Basket Study in which very low average lead and cadmium intakes were found.
Lead and cadmium contents in Finnish breads.
A total of 647 breads from nine bakeries were pooled into 48 representative samples. After wet digestion in concentrated HNO3, the contents of lead and cadmium were determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman effect background correction and (NH4)H2PO4 matrix modification. The mean lead and cadmium contents found in the various types of bread were: rye bread 16 and 14, coffee bread 19 and 23, French bread 8 and 27, whole wheat bread 8 and 30, mixed bread group I 17 and 27, and mixed bread group II 14 and 28 micrograms/kg. The mean and median lead contents of all breads were 14 and 8 micrograms/kg. The samples showed a very high variation in their lead contents. In the present study, the lead content found in Finnish breads was much lower than that in the late 1970s. The mean and median cadmium contents in all of the bread samples analysed were 24 and 25 micrograms/kg. The cadmium content of rye breads was clearly lower than that of the other bread types studied. The content of cadmium in the different types of bread was at about the same level as that reported in Finnish breads in the late 1970s.
Isomer specific analysis of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Finnish diet samples and selected individual foodstuffs.
Twenty organochlorine pesticide compounds (OCPs) and 20 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners known to be the most abundant or toxicologically significant were determined in samples of a representative Finnish diet and in individual foodstuffs. OCPs were isolated and cleaned-up by solvent extraction and concentrated sulphuric acid treatment according to the methods given by Moilanen et al. (1986) or Veierov and Aharonson (1980). Instrumental analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring. PCBs were determined by a congener-specific method. There were very low levels of most OCPs and PCB congeners in the present Finnish market basket, hospital diet, milk, cheese and egg samples. The average total PCB intake from the diets was approximately 2.3 micrograms/day per capita, which represents 3% of the highest tolerable intake proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Lead, cadmium and mercury contents in average Spanish market basket diets from Galicia, Valencia, Andalucía and Madrid.
This study was undertaken in order to monitor the intake of lead, cadmium and mercury in different geographical areas of Spain. The intakes of four populations were estimated from their habitual diets and compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) or the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) to estimate the health risk of toxicity. Representative market basket diets from four areas, Galicia, Valencia, Andalucía and Madrid, were collected and their contents of cadmium, lead and mercury determined. The number of different foodstuffs used in each area (64, 67, 71 and 73) was based on the number of foods providing 95% of the total energy intake. Data on the contribution of food groups to the total daily intake of heavy metals were also obtained. The daily amounts of lead in the diets were between 37 and 521 micrograms/day, the Madrid population having the highest average intake of this metal and exceeding the PTWI, because of the vegetables and cereals consumed. The average total dietary cadmium intakes--provided mainly by fish including crustacea and molluscs--were about 25-45% of the PTWI. The intake of mercury, which is mainly provided by the fish group (66-90%), was about 9-17% of the PTWI.
Lead and cadmium in some berries and vegetables on the Finnish market in 1991-1993.
In order to determine the present contribution of vegetables and berries to the intake of lead and cadmium in Finland major vegetable groups as well as strawberries and blackcurrants were collected from wholesale distribution centres, orchards and the food industry. Pooled samples were mixed to represent wholesale distribution centres, exporting countries or geographical regions. Lead and cadmium were determined after wet digestion in concentrated HNO3 using ETAAS with Zeeman effect background correction and 0.1% palladium for lead and (NH4)H2PO4 for cadmium matrix modification. The method of standard additions was used for the quantification. The mean lead and cadmium contents found were: iceberg lettuce 1.1 and 20.9, butterhead lettuce 4.5 and 12.2, Chinese cabbage 1.4 and 11.1, cauliflower 1.6 and 7.1, cucumber 0.7 and 0.6, carrot 5.9 and 24.6, tomato 1.5 and 1.5, leek 3.8 and 12.8, cabbage 1.3 and 3.1, paprika 3.1 and 5.3, potato 5 and 6 (domestic) or 5 and 31 (imported), strawberry 6.5 and 13.7, blackcurrant 12.7 and 1.4 micrograms/kg. The contents found in this study are the lowest reported so far in Finland and equal to or lower than those found elsewhere.
Lead and cadmium contents in milk, cheese and eggs on the Finnish market.
Lead and cadmium contents were determined in nationally representative samples of low-fat milk, cheese and eggs consumed in Finland. Nationally representative samples of milk and cheese were collected from dairies. Egg samples were collected from the major distributors. Samples of imported cheese and egg products collected in surveillance studies were analysed, together with domestic samples. Lead and cadmium were determined by GFAAS after wet digestion in conc. HNO3. In lead determinations of milk and cheese platinum was employed as the matrix modifier and NH4H2PO4 was employed for the lead determinations of eggs and in all cadmium determinations. Mean lead content was 1.7 micrograms/kg in milk, 17 micrograms/kg in Finnish cheese, 17-60 micrograms/kg in imported cheese, 1 microgram/kg in eggs and 6-72 micrograms/kg in imported dry egg products. Although Finnish consumption in milk, cheese and eggs is high the dietary intake of lead and cadmium from these sources is very low compared with the tolerance limits.
Contents of lead and cadmium in selected fish species consumed in Finland in 1993-1994.
The lead and cadmium contents of the main fish species consumed in Finland were determined by ETAAS after wet digestion with HNO3. Analytical quality was controlled with blanks, reference materials and blind replicates. Mean and median lead contents of domestic fish species were < LOD (1 microgram/kg)-9.4 micrograms/kg and < LOD-4.7 micrograms/kg. The lead contents of imported fish and imported canned or salted fish ranged from < LOD to 8, and 4 to 177 micrograms/kg. Mean and median cadmium contents of domestic fish species were < LOD (0.4 microgram/kg)-5.8 micrograms/kg and < LOD-4.4 micrograms/kg Fresh imported fish contained < LOD-11 micrograms Cd per kg and canned or salted fish 9-42 micrograms Cd per kg. Higher fish consumption would not increase lead or cadmium intake significantly in Finland. At present fish contributes about 4% of the average lead intake and 3% of cadmium intake.
Determination of phytic acid in cereals using ICP-AES to determine phosphorus.
A novel approach for determination of phytic acid in cereals has been applied in 2 traditional methods. In the first, phytic acid in a sample extract is first separated and concentrated by ion-exchange chromatography. The phytic acid concentrate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In the second method, extracted phytic acid is first precipitated by FeCl3 solution. The complexed iron is converted to ferric hydroxide by adding NaOH, thus releasing phytic acid as soluble sodium phytate. Phytate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by ICP-AES. In these methods, both the difficult acid digestion and the spectrometric determination of phosphorus found in traditional methods are eliminated by using ICP-AES. This results in a method that is simpler, faster, and more accurate than earlier procedures.