The extractable lipid of the cholera enterotoxin.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
J Kaur
Publications and source records attributed to J Kaur.
Cholera toxins: immunogenicity of the rabbit ileal loop toxin and related antigens.
A method of assay of immunogenic potency of the cholera gut toxin is described; it is based on the relation of dose of antigen to neutralizing antibody titer produced in the rabbit under defined conditions and allows quantification of immunogenicity as immunogenic units per milligram of protein. Evidence, based on immunogenicity and rabbit ileal loop toxicity, is presented which indicates that the positively charged fraction of liquid-culture supernatant fluid eluted in deionized water from diethylaminoethyl Sephadex, or in electrolyte from carboxymethyl Sephadex, is a complex made up of a nonantigenic toxic moiety, a nontoxic protein component which elicits the formation of toxin-neutralizing antibody, and an inactive fraction. The complex may also be dissociated in high-salt concentrations with apparent recombination of the toxic moiety with a nondialyzable constituent of peptone to give a negatively charged complex. The immunogenic component is found in nontoxic supernatant fluids of cultures grown at pH 6.5 or in media deficient in peptone. It is also present in the nontoxic fraction eluted from diethylaminoethyl Sephadex in electrolyte or in deionized water from carboxymethyl Sephadex. When separated from the positively charged toxic moiety, the net charge of the antigen is reduced as shown by immunoelectrophoresis. On primary fractionation, the antigen may be associated with a minor antigenic component of the negatively charged complex containing a major antigen eliciting vibriocidal antibody formation, but antisera to the toxin antigen preparations, either in this form or freed of antigenic contamination by recycling, do not contain vibriocidal antibody. It is suggested that this antigen be designated the T (toxin) antigen, and the antigen producing vibriocidal antibody the V antigen. These two antigens would appear to represent the major antigenic specificities associated with the antitoxic and antibacterial elements of the immune response to infection.
Animals↗
Immunity to cholera: relation of fraction II of type 2 cholera toxin to vibriocidal antibody.
The nontoxic protein component in supernatant fluids of young cultures of the cholera vibrio in peptone dialysate broth contains an antigen identical in specificity to vibrio lipopolysaccharide. This material was heterogeneous after elution from diethylaminoethyl A50 Sephadex, and it contained at least five additional minor antigens. Identity was demonstrated by immunodiffusion methods, by the induction of specific vibriocidal antibody formation, and by specific interference in the vibriocidal reaction. The minor antigens appeared to be unrelated to the vibriocidal reaction. The major antigen was more highly immunogenic than lipopolysaccharide, giving higher and longer-persisting antibody titers in the rabbit, but lipopolysaccharide was the more effective interfering antigen per unit weight in the vibriocidal reaction. The nontoxicity and high immunogenic potency of the protein antigen suggest that it may be useful as an immunizing agent for the production of the antibacterial component of an effective immunity.
Animals↗
Spontaneously occuring renal diseases in wild rhesus monkeys.
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Animals↗
Cholera toxins: purification and preliminary characterization of ileal loop reactive type 2 toxin.
Details for the preparation and partial purification of culture supernatant fluids of Vibrio cholerae (V. comma) 569B which retain rabbit ileal loop fluid-accumulating activity are presented. These preparations were fractionated on Sephadex G-200 and on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. On the latter, two fractions were obtained by elution with a linear sodium chloride gradient. The fraction designated "fraction I" retains the toxic activity as demonstrated in the rabbit ileal loop model. Chemical and immunological properties of this active fraction are described.
Amino Acids↗
Polythiazide as a diuretic. A clinical trial.
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Adolescent↗
Effect of chronic ethanol administration on the absorptive functions of the rat small intestine.
Ethanol feeding to rats for 40 days significantly (p < 0.01) depressed sodium-stimulated glucose and glycine uptakes at pH 5.5 and 7.2 without affecting sodium-independent solute transport in the rat intestine. Leucine uptake was essentially unaltered under these conditions. Absorption of bovine serum albumin and gamma-globulin as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent blocking assay (ELISA) was markedly augmented (p < 0.001) in ethanol-fed rats compared to the controls. These observations suggest that chronic ethanol intake differentially affects the uptake of organic solutes and macromolecules in the rat intestine.
Animals↗
Dietary protein regimens and chronic ethanol administration effects on sodium- and proton-dependent solute uptake in rat intestine.
The effect of feeding ethanol daily for 40 days has been studied on intestinal uptake of glucose, glycine, and leucine in rats fed control, 8% protein (LP), and 30% protein (HP) diets. Na(+)-dependent uptake of glucose and glycine both at pH 7.2 and pH 5.5 was significantly depressed (p < 0.001) in ethanol or LP diet-fed animals and remained unaffected in HP-fed rats compared to the controls. But ethanol administration to protein-malnourished rats enhanced the Na(+)-linked glucose and glycine uptakes. Leucine uptake remained unaffected under these conditions. Glucose uptake remained unaltered whereas glycine uptake was reduced when ethanol was administered to rats given HP diet. In the absence of Na+, uptake of glucose, glycine, and leucine was more at acidic pH compared to that at pH 7.2 under all the experimental conditions investigated. Proton-linked uptake of solutes was unaffected by feeding ethanol, LP, or HP diet in rats. Thus, chronic ethanol feeding specifically depresses the Na(2+)-dependent uptake of glucose and glycine. Dietary protein content modifies ethanol effects on intestinal solute uptake in rats.
Animals↗
Quality of life in hospice patients. A pilot study.
The general public and the medical community often perceive dying patients' quality of life (QOL) as rapidly deteriorating before death. However, with appropriate palliative services, this effect may be positively modified. Objective data are lacking on the true experience of dying from the point of view of the patient that this pilot study begins to address. Patients caregivers, and staff in our hospice program completed questionnaires evaluating the patient's QOL every 2 weeks until the patient's death. This pilot study found that patients QOL was relatively high and stable over time. Primary caregivers rated the patient's QOL lower than patient self-ratings, whereas the hospice staff evaluated the patient's QOL similarly to the patient. Many dying patients suffer and are perceived as having no QOL in the final days by their caregivers. This perception may be modified to maintain one's QOL with the help of palliative medical services, thereby relieving the suffering of those who are actively facing death.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Engraftment with chronic granulocytic leukemia cells in acute myeloid leukemia.
A deliberate engraftment with nonirradiated chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) cells was performed in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at a time when he was resistant to cytotoxic drug chemotherapy, pancytopenic and developed an infection. The CGL engraftment was confirmed by the presence of a Ph1-positive donor clone in the recipient's bone marrow and by the pattern of colony growth of the recipient's bone-marrow cells cultured in vitro. Bone marrow engraftment in the host helped in the resolution of infection and permitted the administration of further cytotoxic drugs, as a result of which a remission of AML occurred.
Bone Marrow Cells↗
Portage guide to early intervention: cross-cultural aspects and intra-cultural variability.
The issues arising from implementing an early intervention service, developed in the rural United States in the late 1960s in a range of different cultural contexts over a period of a quarter of a century, are explained. Services from India, Bangladesh, Jamaica and the United Kingdom are compared. As well as considering cross-cultural aspects of Portage, variability within one country, the United Kingdom, is considered by comparing one service in an inner-city area and one in a rural area.
Acculturation↗
Alterations in protein profile of rat spermatozoa during maturation.
Alterations in the polypeptide pattern of rat spermatozoa during epididymal transit were studied by SDS-PAGE and compared with that of epididymal cytosol and luminal fluid. The total number of cytosol and luminal fluid polypeptides increase from caput to cauda epididymidis but sperm associated polypeptides decrease during epididymal transit. Changes in polypeptide pattern of spermatozoa are due to their acquisition, loss or modification. Spermatozoa acquire seven polypeptides, of which six are acquired in corpus (MW 16.5, 38, 41, 72, 75 and 100 Kdal) and one (MW 28.5 Kdal) in cauda epididymidis. Spermatozoa lose one polypeptide of MW 72.5 Kdal in caput and two polypeptides of MW 70 and 115 Kdal in cauda epididymidis. Four polypeptides of MW 18.5, 19.5, 64 and 67.5 Kdal disappear from cauda spermatozoa without appearing in the luminal fluid. Polypeptide of MW 62.5 Kdal is observed only in spermatozoa and luminal fluid from cauda epididymidis.
Animals↗
Tamoxifen-induced submassive hepatic necrosis.
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Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗
Retinoids as chemopreventive agents.
Retinoids are promising agents for cancer chemoprevention. The myriad effects of retinoids on biological processes including development, differentiation, homeostasis, carcinogenesis and apoptosis are mediated through their molecular targets, the retinoid and rexinoid receptors. Tissue specific expression patterns, ligand specificities, receptor numbers, their distinct functions and functional redundancy make retinoid signaling highly complex. The cross-talks of these receptors with cell surface receptors signaling pathways, as well as their interactions with multiple co-activators and co-repressors further add to the complexity of the pleiotropic effects of retinoids. Elucidation of retinoid signaling pathways and indepth understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the anti-proliferative and apoptotic action of retinoids has paved the way for designing synthetic retinoids for effective chemoprevention and therapy of cancer. Development of receptor selective synthetic retinoids is a major focus of molecular retinoid development. Other new avenues encompass identification of novel retinoid regulated genes, orphan-receptor ligands/functions, novel retinoid mechanisms involving receptor-independent apoptosis inducing activity and synergistic combinations with other agents for cancer prevention and therapy. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the action of retinoids and retinoid molecular targeting studies designed primarily to develop retinoids with reduced toxicity, while maintaining or enhancing activity in context of chemoprevention. The clinical efficacy of retinoid based chemoprevention trials is discussed.
Animals↗
Management of intrauterine foetal death.
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Fetal Death↗
Methylation of DNA and its modulation by estrogen in the uterus of aging rats.
The effect of estrogen on methylation of DNA from the uteri of young (20 weeks) and old (96 weeks) female Wistar rats has been examined by isoschizomeric restriction enzymes and HPLC analysis. In vitro methylation of DNA is significantly higher in the uteri of young rats as compared to old ones. This is reduced by estrogen to greater extent in young than in old age. Furthermore, the digestion of DNA with EcoRI+Msp I shows a distinct 1.2 kb band only in young control. Such band is absent in old control and estrogen-treated sets of both age groups. The HPLC data further reveal that the level of 5-methyl cytosine is high in young and decreases by nearly 18% in old. Estrogen lowers the level of 5-methyl cytosine by 8% in young but shows no effect in the old. Such age-dependent changes in the methylation of DNA brought by estrogen in the rat uterus attribute to alterations in gene expression during aging.
Aging↗
Chronic ethanol feeding and microvillus membrane glycosylation in normal and protein-malnourished rat intestine.
Ethanol feeding to rats for 40 days enhanced (p < 0.001) the activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GTP), and p-nitrophenyl (PNP)-beta-D-galactosidase (p < 0.05) with no change in leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and PNP-beta-D-glucosidase activities in intestine compared with control rats. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and GTP were diminished (p < 0.01) in ethanol-fed malnourished rats. There was no change in LAP activity, but the levels of glucosidase and galactosidase were elevated under these conditions. Brush-border sialic acid, fucose, hexose, and hexosamine contents were elevated in ethanol-fed protein-deficient animals. Ethanol administration to normally fed rats elevated the membrane sialic acid and hexose contents, reduced fucose content, and had no effect on brush-border hexosamine content compared with the control group. These results are in agreement with data on lectin binding to brush borders under these conditions. Alcohol ingestion reduced the incorporation of [14C]-glucosamine into brush borders in rats maintained on an 18% protein diet but augmented the incorporation of [14C]-glucosamine and [14C]-mannose in protein-malnourished membranes. These observations suggest that nutrition status influences the sensitivity of microvillus membrane glycosylation to ethanol feeding in rat intestine.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗