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Biomedical subjects

J Jacobs

Publications and source records attributed to J Jacobs.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Adjuvant chemotherapy with cis-diamminodichloroplatinum II and 120-hour infusion 5-fluorouracil in Stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

A prospective study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness and toxicity of three courses of combination high-dose bolus CDDP and 120-hour continuous infusion 5-FU every three weeks prior to definitive surgery and/or radiation therapy in 35 patients with locally advanced Stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Twenty-two patients (63%) achieved a CR and 11 (31%) a PR after three cycles of chemotherapy, for an objective response rate of 94%. Toxicity was clinically acceptable. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 23 of 35 (66%) without any patients discontinuing therapy for this reason. Leukopenia in 13 (37%) and reversible azotemia in six (17%). Following three courses of chemotherapy, 13 patients had surgical resection and 12 patients had radiation therapy. Ten of these 35 patients had no pathologic evidence of cancer in the surgical specimen or preradiation therapy biopsy. Only two patients of those achieving a complete objective response have relapsed. However, the median follow-up has been short. The authors concluded that three courses of CDDP and 5-FU is a highly effective and safe adjuvant treatment in patients with advanced carcinoma of the head and neck.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1983

Use of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals after transurethral prostatectomy.

A prospective randomized study of 223 consecutive patients with sterile urine undergoing transurethral prostatectomy was undertaken to examine the effects of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals on postoperative urine cultures. Patients were divided into 3 groups; group 1 received no postoperative antibiotics, group 2 received nitrofurantion for 5 days postoperatively and group 3 received nitrofurantoin for 10 days postoperatively. Nitrofurantoin decreases the incidence of short-term (24 hours after catheter removal) postoperative bacteriuria, while having no effect on long-term (4 weeks) bacteriuria following transurethral prostatectomy. The use of postoperative nitrofurantoin is supported by its tendency to reduce the incidence of short-term urinary infection in patients with the same organisms found in cultures of the prostatic tissue. However, there was no long-term advantage in prolonging therapy for greater than 5 days. There was no difference in morbidity in the immediate postoperative period among the 3 groups.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1983

Quality of acquired responses to tastes by Rattus norvegicus depends on type of associated discomfort.

Rats were trained to avoid a sugar solution through pairing with LiCl toxicosis (upper gastrointestinal tract discomfort), shock (peripheral pain), or high levels of lactose (lower gastrointestinal tract discomfort). Among animals matched for strength of avoidance of the sugar solution, only the LiCl group showed orofacial responses (e.g., gaping) indicative of distaste; the other groups continued to show positive orofacial responses to the sugar solution. These results, in conjunction with recent results on humans, are interpreted to represent a distinction between food rejection based primarily on unpalatability (distaste) and food rejection based primarily on anticipated negative consequences of ingestion (danger). The results also support the hypothesis that upper gastrointestinal distress (most probably nausea) plays a special role in negative palatability shifts (acquired distastes). These results have implications for the understanding of predispositions in learning and suggest important differences in the quality (readout) of different types of associations. Prior research, by relying on intake measures alone, was insensitive to the differences revealed here by monitoring a wider range of responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Burkitt cell leukemia following therapy for Hodgkin disease.

Two adults with advanced Hodgkin disease-one treated with combination chemotherapy, and one with chemotherapy and radiation therapy-developed Burkitt cell leukemia four and seven years after diagnosis, proved by cytochemical and ultrastructural study. Acute lymphocytic leukemia must be considered in the evaluation of therapy-related leukemias.

Burkitt Lymphoma↗
PubMed1982

Cost-benefit analysis of a behavioral program for geriatric inpatients.

A behaviorally oriented treatment program was developed for geriatric patients at a state psychiatric hospital, in an attempt to demonstrate that active treatment for the elderly can be both socially beneficial and economically wise. Outcome data indicated that the program was successful in decreasing the average length of hospital stay, decreasing the percentage of patients discharged to more dependent living settings than those from which they were admitted, and increasing placements to independent living settings. An economic analysis demonstrated benefit-to-cost ratios of between ten and 20 to one, depending on assumptions used. The authors believe that ratios were especially encouraging as they were calculated using conservative assumptions.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Clinical trial of cisplatin and 5-FU infusion as initial treatment for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Initial treatment with drug combinations that include cisplatin and bleomycin has been effective in reducing tumor in patients with previously untreated epidermoid cancers of the head and neck. Because of the threat of pulmonary complications from bleomycin, patients with poor pulmonary function were excluded from those studies. We conducted a trial using the combination of cisplatin (100 mg/m2) and a 96-hour infusion of 5-FU (1000 mg/m2/day) and achieved a response rate of 88.5% in 26 patients treated with two courses. Five of these patients had complete remissions and 18 had partial remissions. Nausea and vomiting (experienced by 70% of the patients) was the predominant toxic effect, and 26% experienced leukopenia. Although all patients were initially inoperable, six underwent resection following chemotherapy, and another six underwent resection after chemotherapy and irradiation. Two additional patients were treated with radiation therapy after clinically achieving complete remissions following chemotherapy, and another ten received X-ray therapy after chemotherapy. Cisplatin and 5-FU infusion are effective without being as toxic as bleomycin in patients with previously untreated advanced carcinoma of the head and neck.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The role of real-time scanning in antenatal fetal surveillance.

The additional value of real-time ultrasound scanning (RTBS) in antepartum assessment of fetal well-being was studied in 158 high-risk patients after a nonstress test (NST). Fetal breathing movements (FBM), fetal movements (FM), tonus (TON), and normal amniotic fluid volume (AFV) when present on RTBS were reliable signs of fetal well-being. These ultrasound markers of fetal well-being appeared to be as reliable indicators of good outcome as the reactive NST. Multiple indicators did not improve the accuracy of the prediction of normal outcome. All test results were normal in only about 50% of patients. In general, abnormal test results were poor indicators of poor outcome. Only when all parameters were abnormal were babies invariably affected. Five of six babies with major anomalies showed increased AFV, and seven of 13 growth-retarded or postmature babies demonstrated decreased AFV. The parameters obtained on RTBS appeared to be far more reliable than the contraction stress test (CST) in discriminating the truly abnormal fetus. Three babies with positive CST in this study had normal outcomes. These results, if confirmed in larger studies, suggest that RTBS after a nonreactive NST is an effective and potentially economical method of fetal assessment.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1981

Child abuse.

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Child↗
PubMed1981

Red cell membrane response to hydrogen peroxide-sensitivity in hereditary xerocytosis and in other abnormal red cells.

Osmotically resistant red cells associated with some haemolytic anaemias, including hereditary xerocytosis, sickle-cell disease and beta thalassaemia minor, are more sensitive than normal red cells to exogenous in vitro hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This sensitivity is manifested by a rapid loss of intracellular potassium, shape change, protein aggregation, and methaemoglobin formation at lower concentrations of H2O2 (225 microM) than are required to induce similar effects in normal red cells (450 microM). Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation occurs later than the other effects and can be inhibited by the antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), without affecting protein aggregation or potassium leak. Incubation of normal red cells directly with MDA induces protein aggregation, but only after 1 h of incubation. Although nystatin-sucrose treated normal cells which are dehydrated with altered cation content, and therefore osmotically resistant, do not display abnormal H2O2 hypersensitivity as manifested by excessive potassium permeability, they do show an increase in methaemoglobin formation and protein aggregation similar to xerocytes. These data indicate that membrane protein cross-linking occurring immediately following H2O2 exposure seems independent of either the sulfhydryl or MDA mechanisms, and that the membrane permeability of the abnormal red cells predisposes them to oxidative damage.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital↗
PubMed1981

How heritable is innate behaviour?

The relations between innateness and heritability of behaviour, environmental heterogeneity, genetic diversity of populations, and rates of evolution of behaviour are discussed on the basis of a simple quantitative model. An index I of innateness is proposed which can be related to the heritability index h2. I and h2 are positively related but the degree of correlation depends on the genetic variability of the population, the heterogeneity of the conditioning environment, and the level of spontaneous behavioural variability. The influence of innateness on rates of evolution is moderate. The frequency distributions of I and h2 are unimodal, there is no evidence for an innate-acquired dichotomy.

Animals↗