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Biomedical subjects

J Hansky

Publications and source records attributed to J Hansky.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Distribution of bombesin- and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in rat and dog brain and gastrointestinal tract.

Using a specific bombesin radioimmunoassay and an immunoassay for cholecystokinin which sees all C-terminal fractions, the distribution of bombesin-like (BLI) and cholecystokinin-like (CCK-LI) immunoreactivity in the brain and gastrointestinal tract of the rat and dog has been studied. Both peptides are found in the brain and gut but the rat contains more CCK and BLI than the dog; this is particularly noted in the stomach, colon and cerebral cortex whereas the small intestine of both species contains equivalent amounts of peptides. This contrasts with other comparative studies, mainly on nervous system CCK, which find no major distribution differences in man, monkey, pig and rat. This finding suggests that CCK-LI and BLI peptides may have a more predominant role in the rat than in the dog.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Ventricular, paraventricular and circumventricular structures involved in peptide-induced satiety.

Cholecystokinin, bombesin or gastrin (2 microliter of 50 ng/microliter) was injected stereotaxically into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the arcuate/ventromedial area, the subfornical organ, the area postrema and the cerebral aqueduct of Sprague-Dawley rats and the effects of these injections on food and water intake were studied. While the injection of cholecystokinin reduced food intake when it was injected into both hypothalamic loci, food and water intake were most severely affected by the injection of this peptide into the cerebral aqueduct. Bombesin reduced food intake after its injection into all areas except the subfornical organ and reliable reductions in water intake were seen after injection of this peptide into all areas except the paraventricular nucleus. Minor reductions in food intake were seen following gastrin injection into the paraventricular nucleus while increased water consumption was observed after this peptide was injected into the paraventricular nucleus and cerebral aqueduct. In a second study 6-hydroxydopamine injections (2 microliter of 8 micrograms/microliter were made into the five areas studied 10 days before animals were injected with 100 micrograms/kg of cholecystokinin (i.p.). All 6-hydroxydopamine-injected animals reduced their food and water intake in response to the cholecystokinin challenge as did intact controls. These results indicate that while the changes in food and water intake produced by the central injection of cholecystokinin, bombesin or gastrin may involve central catecholamine systems, those occurring after its systemic administration do not. Therefore, if the release of gastrointestinal peptides during natural feeding is part of a homeostatic mechanism regulating hunger and satiety, this mechanism may operate without directly involving central catecholamine systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Gastrins and gastrinomas.

The past 20 years have seen gastrin attain true hormonal status. Its structure has been characterized, it has been synthesized, radioimmunoassays for its measurement in blood and tissues have been developed and its physiology and metabolism elucidated. Of much interest to clinicians has been the association between gastrin and tumours of the pancreas (gastrinomas) and atrophic gastritis. The advent of gastrin measurement has facilitated the diagnosis of gastrinoma and the availability of powerful acid suppressants has altered the therapy of gastrinoma.

Duodenal Ulcer↗
PubMed1984

Immunoreactive gastrin concentrations in gastrointestinal tissues of sheep.

Radioimmunoassay of gastrin in gastrointestinal tissues of lambs and adult sheep showed highest concentrations (796 to 11,156 pmol g-1 mucosa) in the antral region of the abomasum. The next highest concentrations of gastrin were in the proximal duodenal mucosa (16 to 518 pmol g-1). Gastrin was undetectable or present in lower concentrations in caudal regions of the duodenum (less than 11 X 5 pmol g-1), the pancreas and in the body of the stomach. It is concluded that the distribution of gastrin secreting cells in sheep is similar to that in other animals.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1983

Reduction in mortality from upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

A study of 2377 cases of haemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract shows a significant fall in mortality rate--from 15.5% in the period of retrospective study from 1961 to 1970 to 7% in the prospective study from 1972 to 1982. The fall in mortality rate from non-variceal bleeding was from 12.8% to 5%. In the second five years of the prospective study, the total mortality rate was 5.8%, with 4.5% for non-variceal haemorrhage. This improvement occurred despite a significant rise in the proportion of patients of 60 years of age and over, and was particularly evident in patients with bleeding chronic gastric ulcers. There was also a significant reduction in mortality in the 60 years and over age group in the latter five years of the prospective study. The data suggest that there were three aspects of management which were important in the reduction of mortality. These were early fibreoptic endoscopic diagnosis, improved resuscitation and postoperative care, and early control of bleeding from oesophageal varices by balloon tamponade and surgery in selected cases. These complicated procedural aspects of management are best applied in a special unit for the treatment of patients with haemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract. It is concluded that there has been significant progress in the treatment of this problem during the last decade.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Pancreatic polypeptide secretion. A marker for disturbed pancreatic function in cystic fibrosis.

Pancreatic polypeptide, a 36-amino peptide, is released from the pancreas by a variety of stimuli, including intravenous Boots secretin. Studies in a generalized destructive and inflammatory process such as chronic pancreatitis have revealed a markedly diminished response to stimulation. To assess whether pancreatic polypeptide release in response to Boots secretin provides a useful measure of pancreatic destruction in cystic fibrosis, 41 patients with proven cystic fibrosis, aged 14 months-23 years, and seven control subjects, aged 18-24 years were studied. Serum pancreatic polypeptide, measured by radioimmunoassay, rose from a basal of 18.5 +/- 2.7 pmol/liter to a peak of 35.6 +/- 4.3 pmol/liter at 5 min in cystic fibrosis, and from a basal of 10.8 +/- 2.8 pmol/liter to a 5-min peak of 109 +/- 27.7 pmol/liter in control subjects. The basal levels of both groups were similar but the cystic fibrosis patients had a significantly lower peak response than controls (P less than 0.05). The peak over basal pancreatic polypeptide ratio was calculated and was less than five in 93% of cystic fibrosis patients, whereas all control subjects had a ratio greater than five. Pancreatic polypeptide measurements in response to secretin may be a convenient and useful means of following the course of pancreatic disease in a chronic illness such as cystic fibrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The influence of smoking on the healing of duodenal ulcer treated with oxmetidine or cimetidine.

The influence of smoking on duodenal ulcer healing was examined during a double blind study of 83 patients randomly allocated to oxmetidine or cimetidine treatment. Smoking habits were recorded but patients were not advised to change these. Smokers and nonsmokers were similar clinically and did not differ in compliance with medication. Both H2-receptor antagonists were equally effective and after four weeks of treatment ulcers were healed in 76% of patients. Ulcer healing occurred significantly less frequently in smokers (69%) than nonsmokers (89%). Smokers with healed ulcers consumed fewer cigarettes per day (mean +/- SE: 15.8 +/- 1.4) than those whose ulcers did not heal (22.2 +/- 2.7). When smokers were grouped according to daily cigarette consumption, a direct relationship was found between increasing cigarette consumption and decreasing frequency of ulcer healing. No reduction in ulcer healing was apparent in patients who smoked nine cigarettes a day, or less.

Cimetidine↗
PubMed1983

Influence of cigarette smoking on healing and relapse in duodenal ulcer disease.

There are conflicting reports on the influence of cigarette smoking on healing in patients with duodenal ulcer; some studies show an adverse effect on healing rate and others no effect. This study reports the influence of smoking on short-term healing and relapse rate in 135 patients with duodenal ulcer who were treated with cimetidine (90), ranitidine (25), and oxmetidine (20), all powerful H2-receptor antagonists. Ulcer healing and relapse were documented endoscopically and all studies were performed in a double-blind manner. In the short term, 95% of nonsmokers healed compared with 63% smokers (p less than 0.01) and there was a positive correlation between failure to heal and number of cigarettes smoked. During a 12-mo follow-up examination after healing and on no treatment, 53% of nonsmokers and 84% of smokers relapsed (p less than 0.01). These results show that smoking adversely affects healing of duodenal ulcer with H2-receptor antagonists and that continued smoking leads to a higher relapse rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Management of bleeding oesophageal varices: an eight-year prospective study.

Ninety-one patients (56 men) were admitted with bleeding oesophageal varices on 132 occasions from 1972 to 1980 to the haematemesis and melaena unit of Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne. For 73 patients, alcoholic liver disease was the cause of portal hypertension. The management protocol for varices included early endoscopy, medical-surgical liaison, balloon tamponade for continued bleeding and strict criteria for surgery. The endoscopic diagnosis rate was 92%. There were 24 deaths (26%) during the initial admission to hospital and a further 12 patients (13%) died within one year. The mean transfusion requirement was 9.7 units per admission. Balloon tamponade was necessary on 103 occasions and failed to control bleeding on six of them. The results suggest that mortality from bleeding oesophageal varices can be reduced by a protocol which includes early endoscopy, intensive care, balloon tamponade, close medical-surgical liaison and portacaval shunt for recurrent bleeding in "good' risk patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

An 8-year prospective experience with balloon tamponade in emergency control of bleeding esophageal varices.

The use of balloon tamponade in the emergency control of bleeding from esophageal varices is controversial. This paper reports a prospective study over an 8-year period in which balloon tamponade has been the sole means employed for the early control of bleeding varices. During 1972-1980 all patients referred to Prince Henry's Hospital with upper gastrointestinal bleeding were admitted to a special unit. Ninety-one had bleeding esophageal varices, and 17 were admitted on one or more occasions for bleeding for a total of 132 admissions. After early endoscopy, balloon tamponade was used during 103 of these admissions with failure to control bleeding on six occasions; five of these patients died from hemorrhage and the sixth recovered after emergency portacaval shunt. Another patient died from rebleeding not treated by tamponade. Reinsertion of the balloon for rebleeding was necessary on 28 occasions with successful control in all cases. Balloon tamponade was not used during 29 admissions because bleeding had ceased or the patient was considered to have terminal liver disease. In this group there were four deaths from severe liver disease and hemorrhage. Balloon tamponade was used in 78% of admissions and controlled bleeding in more than 90% of patients. This suggests that tamponade may be the method of choice early control of bleeding from esophageal varices.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Ranitidine in duodenal ulcer: incidence of healing and effect of smoking.

The effect of ranitidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, on the healing of duodenal ulcer has been assessed in a double-blind study. Fifty patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to ranitidine 150 mg twice daily or placebo for 4 weeks. Endoscopic examination at this time showed that 20 of 25 patients (80%) on ranitidine healed compared to 4 of 25 patients (16%) on placebo (P less than 0.01). Smoking adversely affected the incidence of healing: 70% of nonsmokers healed compared to 30% of smokers (P less than 0.03). There were no side effects noted on ranitidine. Review at 6 months after cessation of therapy showed relapse of duodenal ulcer in 10 of 20 patients (50%) healed with ranitidine and 1 of 4 patients (20%) healed with placebo. Thus, ranitidine (300 mg/day) produces similar healing rates to those reported for cimetidine (1000 mg/day); also like cimetidine, the incidence of healing on ranitidine is adversely influenced by smoking and the relapse rate on cessation of therapy is high.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in rat brain and gastrointestinal tract: influence of diet and starvation.

A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (BLI) in mammalian tissues. BLI has been demonstrated in large amounts in the rat stomach and colon and in smaller amounts in the rat central nervous system. A 7-day high-carbohydrate diet leads to an increase in gastric and colonic BLI, a high protein diet to a decrease in fundic BLI. High fat and protein diets led to a decrease in midbrain BLI but other nervous tissues were not influenced by variation in diet. A 6-day fast increased antral, jejunal and ileal BLI; these increased levels fell on refeeding. These studies suggest a role for endogenous BLI in some aspects of gastric physiology, perhaps gastrin release.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Impaired pancreatic polypeptide release to insulin hypoglycaemia in chronic autonomic failure with postural hypotension: evidence for parasympathetic dysfunction.

1. Release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is largely under vagal control and measurement of change in PP after insulin hypoglycaemia offers a non-invasive method of assessing vagal activity. 2. Changes in blood sugar and PP after intravenous insulin (0.2 unit/kg) were examined in six patients with idiopathic chronic autonomic failure (AF) and 12 control subjects. Six of the controls were studied before and after atropine treatment. 3. The PP levels in controls rose from 32 +/- 9 (mean +/- SEM) to 236 +/- 54 pmol/l after 45 min. Patients had similar baseline values (23 +/- 5 pmol/l) but a markedly reduced and delayed PP response to hypoglycaemia (49 +/- 19 pmol/l at 90 min). This impaired PP response was similar to that seen in controls after atropine. 4. The impaired PP response to insulin hypoglycaemia in patients with AF strongly suggests a dysfunction of vagal activity which is often clinically inapparent.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Gold induced enterocolitis: case report and a review of the literature.

The use of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis is not without risk. Although the better known side effects are bone marrow suppression and renal involvement, gold induced enterocolitis has been described. This paper reports a 59-year-old female recently treated with gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis who developed bloody diarrhoea, toxic dilatation and perforation of her colon. The absence of features of inflammatory bowel disease or infection indicates gold as a possible causative agent. Pathogenesis, therapy and a review of the literature of gold induced enterocolitis are described.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Current concepts in gastrointestinal peptides: a physician's guide.

Gastrointestinal hormones were the subject of a review at The Royal Australasian College of Physicians meeting in 1973. Over the past nine years there has been such an explosion of knowledge about these peptides that even the experts in the field cannot keep up with the almost monthly discovery of either new peptides or new actions for old peptides. This paper will consider only four aspects of gastrointestinal hormones encompassing areas that are relatively new and reviewing the clinical usefulness of gastrointestinal hormones in practice. The areas which require consideration are: (i) How do we define a gastrointestinal hormone. (ii) Concept of brain-gut peptides and relationship of amphibian peptides to mammalian hormones. (iii) Of the plethora of peptides discovered, which have a defined role in normal physiology. (iv) When should a clinician ask for a gastrointestinal hormone estimate in clinical practice.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Correlation between pancreatic polypeptide response to secretin and ERCP findings in chronic pancreatitis.

Previous studies have shown an impaired pancreatic polypeptide response to secretin in most patients with advanced chronic pancreatitis, but the sensitivity of the investigation in milder degrees of chronic pancreatitis remains unclear. In the present study the pancreatic polypeptide response to secretin was evaluated in 32 patients categorised as having advanced, moderate, or minimal chronic pancreatitis on the basis of the degree of abnormality of the retrograde pancreatogram. The pancreatic polypeptide response was abnormal (peak:basal pancreatic polypeptide ratio less than 5) in 17 of 19 patients (90%) with advanced or moderate chronic pancreatitis, but was normal in patients with minimal disease. The simple and non-invasive nature of this test makes it an attractive investigation for evaluation of the severity of pancreatic damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pancreatic polypeptide release in gastric ulcer.

The pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to a protein-rich meal has been studied in similarly aged patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and controls. The response of the gastric ulcer patients was significantly lower at all points than that of the duodenal ulcer patients or controls, which were similar to one another. Vagal stimulation is probably the single most important factor in PP release, and it is possible that diminished PP release in the gastric ulcer patients is a reflection of vagal underactivity.

Adult↗