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Biomedical subjects

J H Goldstein

Publications and source records attributed to J H Goldstein.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

The reliability of adjustment in strabismus surgery.

It has been recommended that the position of the operated muscles be adjusted shortly after strabismus surgery to achieve better alignment on the first postoperative day and thereby ensure satisfactory later alignment. We compared prism cover test measurements on the first postoperative day with measurements within the first few months after surgery to determine whether day 1 measurements remained stable or whether they changed significantly, providing an inaccurate basis for adjustment. Our study found a fairly large variability in the deviation between the first and last day of the study. Eighteen percent of patients varied by 5 to 9D, and 49% differed by > 10D or more. Equally important was the finding that, had an adjustment been made, it would have made the final result worse than without adjustment. Both of these factors would seem to indicate a degree of variability that controverts the predictability of the adjustment procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A review of water diffusion measurement by NMR in human red blood cells.

This review of water transport measurement in normal human erythrocytes attempts to harmonize discordant results obtained under diverse study conditions with two different techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and radioactive tracer (THO) diffusion. Natural aggregation of red cells into rouleaux appeared to cause most of the variation among results from NMR experiments. The remainder of the discrepancy was attributed to the use of inappropriate mathematical approximations of the two-site exchange equations, differences in blood storage time, and failure to adjust NMR calculations for the nonwater protons. Differences in hematocrit, frequency-magnetic field strength, or NMR pulse technique played no apparent role in the disparity among NMR reports. When these confounding factors were removed, diffusion results obtained by NMR or by influx or bulk diffusion of radioactive tracer agreed within a relatively narrow range of values. These techniques place the mean lifetime of water inside fresh normal human erythrocytes at room temperature (20-25 degrees C) between the extremes of 9.8 and 14 ms, where the uncorrected range was previously 9.8-21.7 ms. This new range of water exchange times corresponds to a range of diffusional permeability between 3.3 and 4.7 x 10(-3) cm/s.

Body Water↗
PubMed1987

NMR investigation of hydroxyethyl starch-induced aggregation of human erythrocytes.

Aggregation of human erythrocytes at physiological hematocrit by hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was investigated with a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance method which measures the erythrocyte mean water exchange time, tau a. A relationship that takes into account the effect of the aggregate as the water-exchanging unit was used to transform tau a values into the number of cells per aggregate, n. The procedure permits the determination of the time course of aggregation as well as its initial and equilibrium status. The values of n at equilibrium range from about 2 to 4 cells over the concentration of 1 to 5% HES in isotonic saline. The aggregation of erythrocytes in the presence of HES was found to follow first-order kinetics. The feasibility of this technique for application in the study of diseased states is indicated.

Erythrocyte Aggregation↗
PubMed1987

Transverse relaxation of saline and plasma using Mn(II), HSA-EDTA-Mn, and HSA-EDTA-Gd: application to erythrocyte water exchange.

Enhancements of 1H nuclear magnetic transverse relaxation rates by Mn(II)- and Gd(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-human serum albumin (HSA) complexes are compared with MnCl2 in human plasma and isotonic saline. HSA-EDTA-Mn and HSA-EDTA-Gd in saline, at physiological concentrations of HSA, afforded T2's comparable to 2 mM MnCl2 in 4% HSA saline. The above reagents are new and potentially useful relaxation agents for the measurement of H2O exchange rates in erythrocyte suspensions. The exchange rate of water across the red cell membrane was determined using these new reagents over the temperature range from 20 to 37 degrees C.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1986

Inferior oblique advancement for "A" pattern esotropia.

The treatment of "A" pattern esotropia includes bilateral weakening of the superior oblique muscles, vertical displacement of the horizontal rectus muscles, bilateral or unilateral, and horizontal displacement of the vertical rectus muscles. The cases presented indicate that bilateral inferior oblique advancement is an effective alternative procedure for the management of large "A" pattern esotropia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Management of large-angle esotropia.

If large-angle esotropia is defined as 80 D or more, and if the surgery induces no limitation of movement or incomitance, there is an excellent likelihood that four-muscle surgery in one operation will result in a residual deviation between 15 D of convergent strabismus and 15 D of divergent strabismus.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Monitoring red blood cell aggregation with nuclear magnetic resonance.

We present a new application of nuclear magnetic resonance to monitor rouleaux formation in static blood suspensions of physiological hematocrit. The method measures the apparent mean residence time of water inside the rouleaux and yields the kinetics and the extent of red cell aggregation in units of cells per aggregate.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of breast disease: use of transverse relaxation times.

The ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MR) to demonstrate breast carcinoma depends upon significantly different relaxation times in benign and malignant tissues. The authors conducted an in vitro study of transverse relaxation times (T2) of 393 breast tissue samples in order to establish a range of values for normal tissue, benign lesions, and carcinoma. All T2 values were multiexponential. Benign lesions were readily distinguished from both invasive and noninvasive carcinoma in samples containing fat or a mixture of fat and fibrous tissue; however, in purely fibrous samples there was some overlap of T2 values in benign and malignant tissues. Although the data acquisition and analysis requirements involved in this in vitro study exceed the capabilities of present whole-body MR imagers, the added understanding gained through efforts of this type may aid both interpretation of current images and future developments.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1983

Diagnosis of an isolated vertical muscle palsy.

The determination of a paretic vertical muscle may be made by prism cover test measurements in the 9 diagnostic positions of gaze or the 3-step test which relies on the Bielschowsky head tilt test. A series of cases with an isolated paretic vertical muscle was used to compare the 2 methods of examination. It was found that 1) the 3-step test (based on the Bielschowsky head tilt test) is non-diagnostic as frequently as fielding out, 2) the 3-step test is much more likely to diagnose an oblique (especially the superior oblique) than any other muscle, 3) there is a statistically significant association between a loger duration of the paresis and the appearance of spread of comitance, and 4) the disagreement between the 3-step test and cardinal gaze measurements which occurs in 18% of cases can not be adequately explained by 'overspread of comitance' to the point where the deviation is maximum in the opposite field of gaze. The measurement of the deviation in the cardinal positions of gaze was felt to more accurately indicate the paretic muscle when the two tests were in conflict.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

In vitro erythrocyte water transport in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an NMR investigation.

Previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of erythrocyte water transport in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been extended to include mothers, as well as a larger patient group. The results, reported as values of the mean residence time, tau a, of intracellular water, reveals an experimentally significant decrease in permeability to water in most of the patients and one-half of the mothers examined. It was found that all mothers of patients with normal tau a values also show normal results. This finding suggests that Duchenne muscular dystrophy may exhibit genetic heterogeneity.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1983

Effects of alkyl-lysophospholipids on human leukemic cell lines measured by nuclear magnetic resonance.

Part of the cytotoxic action of alkyl-lysophospholipids (ALP) on leukemic cells is known to result from the lack of an O-alkyl cleavage enzyme and its antimetabolic effect which results in a toxic lysophospholipid buildup. Further, ALP (5 micrograms/ml) suppresses clonogenicity and tritiated thymidine uptake in HL60 cultures after 24 hr of exposure. The effect of ALP on two leukemic cell lines, HL60 and K562, measured by two nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and examined by electron microscopy is reported. 31P-NMR spectroscopy indicates that the adenosine 5'-triphosphate:adenosine 5'-diphosphate ratios are unaffected after 24 hr, as is mitochondrial morphology, judging by electron micrographs. However, cell membrane integrity in HL60 is altered at that time. The earliest ALP effects occur in NMR internal water relaxation at 1 hr after ALP exposure, followed by a small reduction in tritiated thymidine uptake at 4 hr. No effect is observed in K562 cell cultures in morphology or NMR measurements. No new 31P-labeled metabolites were detected in either cell line as a result of drug treatment.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1983

NMR analyses of the cold cataract. II. Studies on protein solutions.

Water proton relaxation studies were performed on total soluble protein (TSP) solutions and individual alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin fractions derived from weanling rat lenses, 16 month, and 60- to 70-year-old normal human lenses. The effects of perturbants (temperature and acrylamide) were monitored in order to delineate further the mechanisms involved in the generation of the cold cataract phenomenon (in young lenses) and the role of acrylamide and age in preventing this phenomenon. The data demonstrate a relationship between the relative concentration of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin fractions within the lens and the cold cataract phenomenon. It is possible that cross-linking between acrylamide and the gamma-crystallins within the lens alters one or more of the intracytoplasmic protein-water phases. The gamma-crystallin solution showed greater than 35% increase in T2 when 1% acrylamide was added; the young TSP solution T2 increased by approximately 20%. However none of the T2 values for the alpha, beta and old TSP solutions changed significantly when acrylamide was added. The unique response of gamma-crystallin in these experiments suggests a significant role for this protein fraction in the phenomenon associated with cold cataractogenesis. Our data indicate that most of the UVA radiation-induced acrylamide binding occurred with the gamma-crystallins within the lens. We have also noted that only the gamma-crystallin and the young lens TSP solutions become opaque at 4 C while the alpha, beta and "old" TSP solutions remain clear at this temperature. It is suggested that acrylamide exerts its role by cross-linking to one or more of the gamma-crystallins, thereby altering the normal protein water relationship and preventing cold opacification.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1983

Concomitant strabismus as a sign of intracranial disease.

A child with a postoperative residual estropia of 16 diopters was suddenly found to have 75 D of esotropia for distance and 65 D of estropia for near. Full versions were noted that would be inconsistent with sixth nerve palsy. Divergence palsy is characterized by a substantially larger convergent strabismus for distance that, in this case, was only 10 D. One is left with the conclusion that concomitant strabismus may indicate the onset of intracranial disease that, in this case, was caused by an arteriovenous malformation.

Brain Edema↗
PubMed1982

The effect of the cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol on water transport in the human red blood cell.

The response of human red blood cells to the cryoprotective agents, DMSO and glycerol, has been investigated using a pulsed NMR method. The experimentally determined parameters are: (1) the intracellular transverse relaxation time, T2a; (2) the mean residence time of intracellular water, tau a, which is effectively a reciprocal measure of the rate of water transport across the red blood cell membrane; and (3) the activation energy for this process. The quantitative data indicate that the observed effects are colligative rather than species-specific in origin.

Biological Transport↗