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Biomedical subjects

J H Cross

Publications and source records attributed to J H Cross.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Subcutaneous and cerebral cysticercosis treated with praziquantel.

Subcutaneous and cerebral cysticercosis, the latter visualized in computer tomography, occurred in a 38 year-old Filipina who had multiple asymptomatic subcutaneous nodules and headache. Treatment with praziquantel was given at 35 mg/day for 10 days, dexamethasone and carbamazepine were also given to reduce side effects. Three months after praziquantel therapy most of the subcutaneous nodules, the headache and the intracranial lesion disappeared and at 9 months 23 of the original 26 subcutaneous nodules had disappeared. Computer tomography is a valuable adjunct to the diagnosis and follow up of cerebral cysticercosis and praziquantel was found to be very effective in the treatment of the parasitoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Changing patterns of some trematode infections in Asia.

In certain areas of Asia the pattern of trematode infections in both man and animals seems to have changed in the recent past. On Taiwan, for example, paragonimiasis, fasciolopsiasis and schistosomiasis were at one time highly endemic in certain locations, but in recent years these parasitoses have been difficult to find in definitive, intermediate as well as reservoir hosts. Education, industrialization, alterations in the ecology and the use of modern agricultural practices have contributed to the changes. Conversely, it appears that human clonorchiasis is increasing in Taiwan while in Hong Kong, the disease, once highly prevalent, seems to be decreasing due to control measures implemented in China; the source of infected fish for Hong Kong residents has been China. Furthermore, Clonorchis sinensis infections are more common in higher income groups of Hong Kong since imported fish are more expensive. Along the same line, metagonimiasis is more common among the more affluent sports fishermen in Japan who eat mountain-stream trout as "sashimi" soon after the catch. One of the most dramatic changes in the prevalence of a trematode disease has been in the Lindu Lake region of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Echinostomiasis lindoensis was highly endemic in the area and human infection was acquired by eating infected Corbicular sp. clams. The fish Tilapia mossambica was subsequently introduced into the lake and competed for food with the clam and ate the glochidial larval stages of the clam. The clams are no longer present in the lake and consequently, the parasitosis has disappeared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Asia↗
PubMed1983

Experimental transmission of Capillaria philippinensis to birds.

Capillaria philippinensis larvae from fish and adult and larval forms of the parasite from gerbil intestines established parent infections when given a stomach tube to several species of birds from Taiwan. Adult males, oviparous and larviparous females and larval stages were found in Nycticorax nycticorax, Bubulcus ibis, Ixobrychus sinensis, Gallinula chloropus and Amaurornis phoenicurus. C. philippinensis also developed in pigeons, Rostratula benghalensis, a few Anas spp. and chickens. Some birds died of the infection while others recovered; most could not be re-infected after repeated exposure. Autoinfection also occurred in most birds. Eggs from an egret hatched and the larvae developed in fish intestines. This is the first group of animals indigenous to the endemic area that could be infected with C. philippinensis and although no naturally infected birds have been found in the area, fish-eating birds should be suspected as potential reservoir hosts. A fish-bird life-cycle is thought to be occurring throughout Asia but intestinal capillariasis is reported only in areas where the human population eats raw freshwater fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of sodium polyanethanol sulfonate as a blood culture additive for recovery of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A.

A total of 640 blood specimens from patients in an area endemic for enteric fever were cultured in parallel in tryptic soy broth with and without sodium polyanethanol sulfonate (SPS). A total of 95 specimens were positive for Salmonella spp., 54 for Salmonella typhi, and 41 for Salmonella paratyphi A in one or both bottles of a set. Significantly higher rates of recovery were obtained from the SPS-containing medium (P less than 0.01) upon subculturing blindly at 24 h and 3 days of incubation. Subcultures performed at 7, 14, and 21 days also yielded a greater number of positive cultures with SPS than without it, although the differences between the two media were not significant (P greater than 0.05). Neither of the media yielded 100% of the positive cultures. Moreover, even if the results of the two media were combined, 34 and 19% of the isolates would have been missed if the specimens had not been incubated to 14 and 21 days, respectively. The data indicate that SPS aids in early recovery of S. typhi and S. paratyphi A from blood cultures, and additionally, that under the conditions used in the study, incubation beyond a 1-week period is required for efficient isolation of these organisms from blood.

Benzenesulfonates↗
PubMed1983

Malaria at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines, 1979-1981.

Results are presented from the 1,000 slide-confirmed malaria cases seen during the period August 1979-September 1981 at San Lazaro Hospital, in Manila, Philippines; 56% were caused by Plasmodium falciparum, 38% by P. vivax, 6% were mixed infections, and 0.1% by P. malariae. The overall case fatality rate was 1%, all due to P. falciparum. Cerebral involvement occurred in 7% and the case fatality rate was 20% compared to a case fatality rate of 0.2% among P. falciparum cases without cerebral involvement. In vivo chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum was seen in 4% of the cases, but of those treated in 1981, 9% of the cases showed resistance. The distribution of chloroquine-resistant cases by province in the Philippines is shown, with resistance being reported for the first time from Isabela, Bulacan, Zambales, Rizal and Bataan provinces. Diagnostic, clinical, and epidemiologic aspects of the cases are discussed, as well as the trend in malaria cases over the last 20 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Studies on trypanosomes in the Taiwan monkey.

Fifty-three or 9% of 594 Taiwan monkeys, Macaca cyclopis, were found infected with a Trypanosome species. The parasites were recovered from monkey blood in diaphasic blood-agar culture medium with a Locke's solution overlay. Trypanosomes were found on only a few thick blood smears and no dividing or multiplying forms were found. Some of the organisms had a free-flagellum (4.7 microns), an undulating membrane and both ends of the body were pointed. The total length averaged 41.7 microns; nucleus was slightly anteriorly located. Blood from culture positive monkey would not infect monkeys or other animals, but cultured parasites readily infected monkeys and one mouse, and one rat treated with cortisone. Triatoma rubrofasciata and Triatoma protracta fed upon culture-positive monkeys did not become infected but one of the former became infected after membrane feeding upon cultured parasites mixed with monkey blood. Studies were also done on the development of Trypanosome conorhini in monkeys and other animals. The parasite was recovered from the hind-and mid-gut of naturally infected Taiwan Triatoma rubrofasciata (109 of 117). Some bugs also had salivary gland infections. Most laboratory animals (rats, mice, Mongolian gerbils, guinea pigs, rabbits) developed infections detected by blood-smear and culture. The parasite was serially passaged through monkeys and bugs monthly for one year but there was no change in the development pattern. Only trypmastigotes were present in blood smears; no dividing forms were found. Triatoma rubrofasciata and Triatoma protracta readily developed gut infections when fed upon monkeys, but only a few Rhodnius prolixus became infected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers for Entamoeba Histolytica in dried filter paper blood and sera.

Serum and elutates from dried filter paper bloods from 404 patients with and without amebic liver abscess (ALA) were tested for Entamoeba histolytica antibodies by the indirect hemagglutination test. Eighty-nine percent of the sera from patients with ALA were positive (titers greater than or equal to 1 : 128) and 94% of those without ALA negative. Fifty-five percent of the filter paper bloods from ALA patients were positive. Overall agreement was 80% for positives and negatives and the correlation coefficient between the methods showed a linear relationship (r = 0.77). Although the quantity of sera available from dried filter paper bloods is limited and some antibody activity may be lost, the method should be of value in seroepidemiologic studies where venous bloods are not easily obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

ELISA for the detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis antibodies in patients with eosinophilic meningitis.

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine sera from twelve Taiwanese children with eosinophilic meningitis suspected to be induced by infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Polystyrene tubes were coated with Angiostrongylus cantonensis antigens (5 micrograms/ml protein) prepared from fourth-stage larvae recovered from the brains of experimentally infected rats. Alkaline phosphatase labelled goat antihuman IgG conjugate was used in a dilution of 1 to 500; sera were diluted 1 to 1000. Positive control sera were from patients with parasitologically confirmed infections; the negative control sera from healthy persons. The ELISA values for sera from suspected cases of angiostrongyliasis ranged from 4.5 to 23.1; the positive control sera, 12.7 to 34.4 and the negative control sera 1.3 and 2.2. The assay shows promise and with the use of more purified antigens, micromethods and automated ELISA readers it should become valuable in the presumptive diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis in endemic areas.

Angiostrongylus↗
PubMed1982

Cerebral malaria at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines.

Forty cases of cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria seen at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines from 1979-1981 were reviewed. These cases represented 7% of all Plasmodium falciparum cases seen during this period. All of the patients had fever and headache, 73% confusion, 70% chills, 68% jaundice or abdominal pain, 60% sweats. Findings more frequent in the fatal compared to the non-fatal cases were: the presence of schizonts in the peripheral smear, oliguria, coma, convulsions, urinary incontinence, jaundice, pulmonary symptoms and vomiting. Fatal cases were less likely to be clinically diagnosed as malaria and more likely to be diagnosed as hepatitis than malaria. The treatment and management of these cases is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Further studies on the development of Wuchereria bancrofti in laboratory animals.

In an attempt to obtain a small animal laboratory model for Wuchereria bancrofti Mongolian gerbils and hamsters were infected with third-stage larvae of strains of the parasite from Indonesia and China. Gerbils were necropsied at 7 to 591 days and larvae recovered up to 219 days. The third molt occurred on or before 10 days and worms found after 14 days were in the fourth stage. More worms were recovered early in the infection (7 to 30 days) than in older infections. The worms were usually recovered from the testes, pelt and carcass and heart and lungs. An adult male worm was recovered on one occasion from the lung of a gerbil at 92 days. The parasite was also found to develop in hamsters with results similar to those in gerbils. Gerbils and hamsters were given antithymocyte sera before and after infection and more worms were recovered and the worms larger in size in some treated animals. Continued studies with geographic strains of W. bancrofti in various animals should be encouraged in order to find a small laboratory animal model for the parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Intestinal parasites of man in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, with emphasis on schistosomiasis.

An intestinal parasite survey was conducted in the town of Victoria, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines in 1978 in order to estimate the current schistosomiasis situation in this area of the Philippines and Schistosoma japonicum eggs were detected in 20% of 1058 fecal specimens examined. The prevalence was more than twice as high as had been previously estimated. Infection rates were higher in males than in females, 26 versus 15% and age-wise were infrequent in young children (8%) and moderately common in other age groups (20-32%). Other intestinal helminths and protozoan parasites of man in Oriental Mindoro were: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria sp, taenid tapeworm, echinostome, dicrocoelid and opisthorchiid trematode, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Trichomonas hominis and Chilomastix mesnili.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Intestinal parasites of man in Bukidnon, Philippines, with emphasis on schistosomiasis.

A total of 831 fecal specimens from Malay-balay, Mindanao, Philippines were examined for schistosomiasis and common intestinal parasites. Schistosoma japonicum eggs were found in 16% of the samples. Infections were more common in males (20%) than in females (12%). Age-wise, infections were infrequently diagnosed in children less than 10 years and infections in older age groups varied from 12-27%. Hookworm, chiefly Necator americanus, was the most common parasite found (44%) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (32%) Trichuris trichiura was found in only 12%. Enterobius vermicularis and eggs of Taenia sp., echinostome, heterophyid and dicrocoelid trematodes were identified in less than 1% of the samples. Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Iodamoeba butschlii, Trichomonas hominis and Chilomastix mesnili were also found to parasitize man in this region of Mindanao.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini with mebendazole.

Thirty-six hospitalized Thais (21 males, 15 females, 9 to 63 years of age) with Opisthorchis viverrini infection were treated with mebendazole in dosages of 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks and 30 mg/kg body weight for 3 or 4 weeks. The drug was found to be effective when given in dosages of 30 mg/kg body weight for 3 to 4 weeks only a few eggs being found in the stool of one of 27 persons at 3 or 4 weeks post-treatment. In follow-up examination at 6 months, only two of 15 persons available were positive. These could have been reinfection, however. Side effects were essentially absent, except one person who vomited on the first day of treatment. The drug could be used in a mass treatment campaign because of effectiveness, low toxicity, and action against other helminthic infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from the Republic of the Philippines.

A total of 33, 274 mosquitoes was collected from Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Province, Philippines during July 1977. Isolates made from one pool of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and one pool of C. vishnui were identified as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) by a micro-neutralization test using reference hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids. This is the first known isolation of JEV from the Philippines.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Preliminary observations on the development of larval filariae in Toxorhynchites species.

Brugia malayi and B. Pahangi microfilariae from gerbil intraperitoneal infections were inoculated into the thorax of male and female Toxorhynchites amboinesis and developed into third-stage larvae as early as 11 days. In a comparative study with Aedes togoi fed on microfilaremic gerbils, third-stage larvae were found at 10 days. Some third-stage larvae of B. malayi inoculated into gerbils developed to advanced stages. Third-stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were recovered in low numbers from Tx. amboinesis and Tx. aurifluus inoculated with microfilariae recovered from human blood by membrane filtration. Development of all filarial species was similar in both male and female mosquitoes. Toxorhynchites species are plant feeders and therefore reduce the hazards of laboratory transmission of pathogenic agents. Because of their large size, manipulations with this mosquito species are easy and the size allows for a larger inoculum to be used. This group of mosquitoes should develop into useful laboratory vectors for the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Japanese encephalitis virus surveillance in the Taipei area, Taiwan in 1978.

Attempts were made to isolate Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected with three light traps operated twice a week at three sentinel pigpens in the Taipei area from May to Oct. 1978. A total of 6,549 mosquitoes trapped alive were processed in 283 pools. Suspensions were inoculated into Aedes albopictus cell cultures and into suckling mice. A total of 19 JE virus isolates were made; 12 from pools of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, 6 from Cx. annulus and one from Cx. quinquefaciatus. Sindbis virus was isolated for the first time in Taiwan from a pool of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. More isolates were made from mosquito cell cultures (20) than by mouse inoculation (6). Positive isolations of JE virus by mouse inoculation were all from the mosquitoes obtained during an 11 day period from 20 to 30 June 1978 when all six sentinel pigs were viremic. This study shows the decided advantage of the use of mosquito-cell cultures over that of mice.

Animals↗