Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J Golding

Publications and source records attributed to J Golding.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Distribution of major mental disorders in an US metropolis.

This paper reviews the evolution of psychiatric nosologies in North America and the major epidemiological surveys of Mental Disorders culminating with the recently completed National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area project (NIMH-ECA). The NIMH-ECA examined the prevalence of diagnosable (DSM III) Mental disorders in 5 U.S. communities utilizing a highly structured diagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Data from the Los Angeles ECA, one of five study sites are presented with particular emphasis on cross-cultural comparison (Mexican Americans versus Non Hispanic Whites). Overall, there were only a few cross-cultural differences in prevalence of specific diagnoses. Mexico-born Mexican Americans showed a lower prevalence for most disorders examined than their U.S. born counterparts, and a subgroup of Mexican-American women (those over the age of 40) showed higher rates of phobic and dysthymic disorders as well as a greater number of functional somatic symptoms than other groups.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1988

Persistence of occurrence of injury: can injuries of preschool children predict injuries of school-aged children?

Data regarding 10,394 children from the 1970 British birth cohort were used to assess the consistency of injuries reported by parents as occurring between birth and 5 years of age and injuries reported between 5 and 10 years of age. Children with three or more separate injury events reported between birth and 5 years of age were 5.9 times more likely to have three or more injuries reported between 5 and 10 years of age than children without early injuries (95% confidence interval = 4.4 to 8.0). Children with one or more injuries resulting in hospitalization before 5 years of age were 2.5 times as likely to have one or more admissions to the hospital for injuries after 5 years of age than children with no early hospitalizations for injuries (95% confidence interval = 2.0 to 3.3). Stepwise regression was used to identify other predictors of injury. The number of injuries before 5 years of age were the best predictors of injuries reported between 5 and 10 years of age, followed by male sex, aggressive child behavior, young maternal age, many older, and few younger siblings. The findings of this study are consistent with two other large studies that relied on medical records rather than parental report and that focused on more severe injuries. Children with several of the identified risk factors can be predicted to have high rates of accidental injuries and may benefit from focused intervention.

Accidents↗
PubMed1987

The complement system in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.

The complement proteins C1q, r, s, C2, C4, C3, factor B, C5, C6, and the inhibitors, C1 inhibitors, factors I and H were measured in 35 patients with recently diagnosed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes, 76 patients with longer-duration disease (30 with complications) and 43 first-degree healthy relatives. We found that C1q, C4 and C3 were reduced significantly in all groups of patients (p less than 0.001 for each protein in recent onset and uncomplicated patients; p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05 respectively, for patients with complications) compared to 60 control subjects and that C4 was also reduced in healthy relatives (p less than 0.001). C4 allotypes were examined in 63 subjects (selected from the patient groups) in order to clarify the role of null alleles in the production of the C4 abnormality. These showed serum C4 to be reduced significantly in 50 patients without null alleles (patient mean 0.24 g/l; control subject mean 0.34 g/l) (p less than 0.0001), although levels were lowest in the 13 patients with one or more null alleles (mean 0.19 g/l). Finally, to examine the metabolic basis for the low concentrations of C4 and C3, the turnover of highly-purified, radiolabelled C4 and C3 was measured in seven recently diagnosed patients; four of these had low levels of C4. The data showed that three out of four of these patients had reduced synthesis of C3 and C4 and normal values for fractional catabolic rate. Two patients showed features of C4 hypercatabolism. We conclude that several early complement proteins are reduced in Type 1 diabetes, irrespective of duration or complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The epidemiology of childhood eczema: I. A population based study of associations.

Information on whether they thought their child had ever had eczema was obtained from the mothers of 12,555 children in a national cohort of five-year-olds born in 1970. This question was part of a multiple battery of questions concerning the medical, social, environmental and behavioural background of the child. These data were linked to the information that had been collected on the cohort at birth, and a profile of characteristics of the children with reported eczema was produced. A large proportion (46/135) of associations were statistically significant at the 1% level. The major associations were with socio-economic indicators and characteristics of parental health behaviour, with the most advantaged socio-economic groups and those with more positive health behaviour having increased rates of reported eczema. The patterns of associations form an interesting profile of the backgrounds of children reported to have had eczema. Identification of these factors was necessary before more advanced statistical techniques were employed to investigate which of these variables predominate when they are considered simultaneously, and to generate hypotheses as to which factors may be causally associated with the disorder.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1987

The epidemiology of childhood eczema: II. Statistical analyses to identify independent early predictors.

Amongst a nationally representative sample of singletons born in one week of April 1970 for whom information was available, 12.3% were reported by their mothers as having developed eczema at some time before their fifth birthday. Data from both the birth and the five-year follow-up surveys have been analysed to identify the independent early predictors of this (reported) condition in 11,920 children. Using an initial set of possible predictors suggested by previous analyses of these data, the dominant risk characteristics have been identified as: a positive maternal history of eczema; a positive maternal history of asthma or hay fever; higher parental educational qualifications and the mother originating from the West Indies or Africa. There were also increased risks for children of mothers born in England (relative to the rest of the United Kingdom) and for children of mothers who used contraceptives in the 18 months prior to the index pregnancy. There was no protective effect of breast-feeding even among children whose mothers had a history of allergy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Does conception before marriage matter?

Data from the 1970 British Births survey were used to compare 1380 births conceived before marriage (women who were delivered less than 6 months after marriage) with 13,845 births to women who had been married for at least 6 months before delivery. Infants in the premarital conception group were at increased risk because of maternal youth, primiparity and maternal health behaviour such as smoking. Once these factors had been taken into account there was no residual risk of perinatal death or low birthweight. There was a slight excess of preterm deliveries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias: a teaching program.

A computer-aided instruction program for teaching cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias to second year medical students at Case Western Reserve University was created. The program seeks to integrate multiple levels of information in a visually exciting way by combining various simultaneous animations of the heart, its electrical system, and the standard representations of the electrical system (the ladder diagram and the EKG). The program features a text that covers the most important information about 22 cardiac arrhythmias in a step-by-step approach, illustrating all didactic points with high-resolution graphics. Students are instructed in the genesis and propagation of arrhythmia, as well as in the recognition of characteristic EKG features. The program is menu-driven, offering a teaching series, a quiz, and random access to each individual arrhythmia. The text describes the development of the program, its architecture, animation techniques, use, and evaluation by cardiologists and medical students. Copies of sample graphics screens are provided.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1986

Unmarried at delivery. I. The mothers and their care.

Information on 934 never married mothers (Single) were compared with 301 who were widowed, divorced or separated (Once-married) and 15 225 who were married at the time of delivery and were part of the 1970 British Births Survey. Once the maternal age and parity differences had been taken into account the major findings concerned the mothers' health behaviour and the obstetric care they received. Single and Once-married mothers were markedly less likely than the Married group to have used contraceptives in the 18 months before conception, to know accurately the date of the last menstrual period, to commence antenatal care before the third trimester, and to attend antenatal or parentcraft classes. Both groups were more likely to smoke, the Once-married group having an especially high rate of heavy smokers. Single mothers were more likely to be anaemic during pregnancy and the Once-married to have a history of bleeding. Both groups were more likely to be delivered in a consultant unit. Relatively high proportions of Single and Once-married mothers had delivered without any pain relief.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1986

Unmarried at delivery. II. Perinatal morbidity and mortality.

The British Birth Survey included 98% of all deliveries in Great Britain in one week of April 1970. For this report, singleton births to 934 Single (never-married), 301 Once-married (widowed, separated or divorced) and 15 225 Married mothers were compared. After allowing for maternal age, parity and smoking history, there was still a reduction in birth weight in the two unmarried groups, which was mainly associated with pre-term gestation rather than growth retardation. Perinatal mortality was considerably elevated, especially for the Once-married. The excess mortality was mainly among the 'Macerated normally formed stillbirths' and 'Asphyxia' categories of the Wigglesworth classification.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1986

Case definition in childhood accident studies: a vital factor in determining results.

Research into possible aetiological factors associated with childhood accidents has failed to produce a consistent picture. In this paper we investigate the extent to which these discrepancies are attributable to different methods of case ascertainment. The approach was to use three different criteria for identifying accidents and to apply a number of commonly used statistical techniques to eight social and environmental factors. The data base consists of a nationally representative sample of 13 135 children (the Child Health and Education Study). In this way, broadly similar profiles were obtained for children reported to have had at least one accident in the first five years and for those who were said to be accident repeaters--the major risk factors in common for these two outcomes were young maternal age and residence in 'average' or 'well-to-do' urban areas. On the other hand, there were major differences in the results when admission to hospital for an accident was taken as the outcome--although young maternal age was still strongly associated, large family size and the loss or replacement of a natural parent were now also dominant risk factors. There was no relationship with area of residence. The conclusion from these example analyses is therefore that variation in case selection can lead to different conclusions about the risk factors associated with childhood accidents.

Accidents↗
PubMed1986

Preschool wheezing and prognosis at 10.

Information was collected at birth and at 5 and 10 years of age on the national cohort of children born in one week of April 1970 (the Child Health and Education Study). For 11 465 children, information on wheezing attacks before 5 years was compared with reports of wheezing occurring in the 12 months before the interview at 10 years. Of 2345 children who had had at least one wheezing attack before their fifth birthday, 80% (1869) were free of wheeze at 10 years; only 8% of children who had just one wheezing attack by 5 years wheezed in their 10th year. The more attacks the child had had by the age of 5 the higher the risk of continuing to wheeze at the age of 10, but there were no major differences in prognosis according to the age of the first attack. Half of the children who had been labelled asthmatic at the age of 5 were wheezing at the age of 10 compared with an eighth of those with wheezing not so labelled. There was little evidence to suggest that the prognosis of wheezing with bronchitis was markedly different from that of children with other episodes of wheezing provided they were not said to be asthmatic. A longer follow up is necessary to ascertain whether remission at the age of 10 is followed by relapse later.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Does father's unemployment put the fetus at risk?

Information concerning 15 037 singleton deliveries in 1970 showed that among the 3.5% where the male head of the household was unemployed there was no significant excess of low birthweight or preterm delivery, once social class had been taken into account. There were major differences, however, in maternal health behaviour. In order to ascertain whether the health behaviour might be a consequence of the unemployment, data were also analysed for the 658 pregnancies in women whose husbands, though employed at delivery, were subsequently unemployed. Almost identical patterns were found, implying that the association with health behaviour was not a time-related consequence of unemployment.

Birth Weight↗