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Biomedical subjects

J G Russell

Publications and source records attributed to J G Russell.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Lead thickness in shielding in the protection of radiodiagnostic staff.

We indicate the principles which can be used to apply cost-benefit analysis to radiation protection of staff in an X-ray department. The cost of saving radiation exposure to staff by varying the lead equivalence of lead gowns and lead protective screens is calculated. The cost is compared with the financial values of the detriment as assessed by the National Radiological Protection Board. The expenditure required to avoid a man-Sv for staff protection in diagnostic departments is suggested. In the examples we take, it is found that the larger staff dose reductions, and often the cheaper reductions, can be obtained by reducing the radiation dose to the patient. There are, of course, major additional advantages to the patient in reducing this dose.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1988

The last illness factor: a District experience.

The term "last illness factor" is used to indicate the proportion of diagnostic X-ray exposure which occurs in the patient's last illness. An assessment was made of this by determining the number of radiographic examinations made in the patients' last illnesses of persons dying in 1985 in Manchester Central District, and comparing this with the 1985 workload in the diagnostic department. This suggests the last illness factor is about 5% and is thus very small compared with the other factors to be taken into account in assessing the harm from diagnostic radiation.

England↗
PubMed1987

The effect of the non-ionic surfactant Brij 30 on the cytotoxicity of adriamycin in monolayer, spheroid and clonogenic culture systems.

The effects of a non-ionic polyoxyethylated lauryl ether surfactant (Brij 30) on monolayer uptake and spheroid penetration of adriamycin have been studied. Co-incubation of adriamycin with Brij 30 increases intracellular adriamycin levels by 2-3-fold. Although, in the concentrations used, Brij 30 alone is not cytotoxic, adriamycin and Brij 30 mixtures are significantly more cytotoxic (monolayer ID90 = 0.6 microgram/ml; disaggregated spheroid ID50 = 1.9 micrograms/ml) and induce significantly longer spheroid growth delay than adriamycin alone (monolayer ID90 = 2.1 micrograms/ml; disaggregated spheroid ID50 = 3.3 micrograms/ml). Adriamycin is equally cytotoxic to mouse normal granulocytes and chronic myeloid leukaemic (M1 cell line) cells in agar clonogenic cultures. The addition of Brij 30 appears to enhance preferentially the activity of adriamycin against these tumour cells relative to the normal granulocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Valuing the man-sievert in X-ray diagnosis.

New advice from the National Radiological Protection Board gives a range of monetary values for the unit collective dose, depending in part on the annual individual dose. In this paper the special factors in medical radiodiagnosis are described and a valuation for the man-sievert in this field is suggested. The harm to children from ionising radiation may be appreciably larger than in adults, and a different value for children and in obstetrics is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The rise and fall of the ten-day rule.

The introduction of the 10-day rule is described together with the difficulties arising from its application. The reasons for believing it is now unnecessary are summarised. The new recommendations from the National Radiological Protection Board stress the importance of identifying a pregnancy after a period has been missed and provide advice regarding the radiography of the patients. The rationale of these suggestions is given. The importance is stressed of keeping both male and female gonad doses to a minimum during the reproductive years.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1986

Assessment of priorities when introducing some radiation protection methods in radiodiagnosis.

An estimate is made for the average population dose of ionising radiation for a diagnostic X-ray room, and indications are given of how the population dose can be assessed for individual rooms. By taking the percentage reduction of exposure on introducing selected methods of radiation protection, the expected population dose reduction is estimated for each method. Allowance is made for the length of use for a new method, and for loss of use for existing material. The population dose reduction is expressed in financial terms to obtain a ratio of this value to the cost of the protection method. Recommendations are made regarding the order of introduction of these methods.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1986

The use of carbon fibre material in table tops, cassette fronts and grid covers: magnitude of possible dose reduction.

The X-ray transmission of a number of radiographic components, some of conventional construction and some incorporating carbon fibre material, has been measured under clinically realistic conditions. At 80 kVp the use of carbon fibre materials enables the patient dose to be reduced by 30-50% depending on the existing equipment, type of examination and technique used. Typically the dose can be reduced by 3-15% by changing the table top, 6-12% by changing the front of the film cassette and 20-30% by using a grid with carbon fibre covers and fibre interspace. The higher cost of carbon fibre components can normally be justified by such dose savings. An indication of the absorption of all such components should be provided by manufacturers.

Carbon↗
PubMed1985

Cost and effectiveness of methods of radiation protection in x-ray diagnosis.

A financial assessment is made of the detriment from ionising radiation in diagnostic radiography. The possible dose reductions available with different techniques of radiation protection are assessed and expressed both as a percentage and as actual value. The cost is calculated of these methods of protection. The use of carbon fibre materials is shown to be particularly advantageous. It is stressed that government policy in the United Kingdom is advocating cost-effective methods of health promotion, and these applications are attractive from this viewpoint.

Carbon↗