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Biomedical subjects

J E Crowe

Publications and source records attributed to J E Crowe.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

A comparison in chimpanzees of the immunogenicity and efficacy of live attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) temperature-sensitive mutant vaccines and vaccinia virus recombinants that express the surface glycoproteins of RSV.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. The present study compares the level of attenuation, genetic stability and efficacy of three conditional-lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the RSV A2 wild-type virus, designated ts-1, ts-1-NG1, and ts-4, in seronegative chimpanzees and also compares their efficacy with that of vaccinia virus recombinants that express the surface glycoproteins of RSV. Each of the ts mutants was highly attenuated in the lower respiratory tract, but still retained the capacity to induce significant rhinorrhoea. Each of the three ts mutants underwent partial reversion to a non-ts (ts+) phenotype during replication in a minority of the chimpanzees. The ts+ virus present in the upper respiratory tract of the chimpanzees did not spread to the lower respiratory tract and represented only a minority fraction of the virus present in the nasopharyngeal swab specimens. The ts mutants were highly immunogenic and provided resistance that effectively restricted RSV replication following virus challenge. In contrast, the vaccinia-RSV recombinants were less immunogenic. They protected the lungs of two of four chimpanzees challenged with RSV, but failed to protect the upper respiratory tract. The chimpanzee can serve as a model for the rapid evaluation of further attenuated live RSV vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments cloned from combinatorial libraries: potential usefulness in prevention and/or treatment of major human viral diseases.

Currently, there is increased interest in the use of human viral antibodies for prophylaxis and therapy because recent advances in molecular immunology have made it possible to generate large numbers of human monoclonal antibodies of desired specificity and functional activity in short order. The strategy, developed particularly at The Scripps Research Institute and at Cambridge University is based on antigen selection of such antibodies from combinatorial libraries that express Fabs on the surface of filamentous DNA bacteriophage. Fabs or their whole immunoglobulin derivatives that exhibit high avidity for the selecting antigen and high neutralizing activity for the corresponding virus have been identified, and many of these human monoclonal antibodies should prove to be useful in prophylaxis or therapy of presently uncontrolled, medically important human viral diseases.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1992

Human monoclonal Fab fragments derived from a combinatorial library bind to respiratory syncytial virus F glycoprotein and neutralize infectivity.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause, throughout the world, of severe viral lower respiratory tract illness in young children. Antibodies are known to mediate resistance to RSV infection and illness. We have isolated a number of human monoclonal Fab fragments to RSV F glycoprotein from a combinatorial antibody library expressed on the surface of phage. One of these neutralized a wide range of virus isolates, 10 subgroup A and 9 subgroup B isolates, with a titer (60% neutralization) of approximately 0.1-1.0 micrograms/ml. Another Fab neutralized diverse isolates at a concentration somewhat higher. These human Fab fragments show great promise for use in the prophylaxis or therapy of serious RSV lower respiratory tract disease. For intramuscular or intravenous administration, whole antibodies will be required, whereas for aerosol application, F(ab')2 or Fab fragments may suffice.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Shifting pneumothorax after heart-lung transplantation.

Heart-lung transplantation involves the total replacement of two of the most complex organs of the thoracic cavity. This procedure is usually reserved for patients with failure of both systems, such as in primary pulmonary hypertension or chronic Eisenmenger physiology. The en bloc replacement of the heart and lungs leaves an open communication between the two sides of the thorax that may allow air or fluid to shift from one side to the other. To evaluate this possibility, the authors reviewed the chest radiographs of 25 heart-lung transplant recipients for signs of rapidly changing pneumothoraces that could not be explained by the conventional dynamics of pleural physiology. A series of postoperative radiographs showed unusual shifting or apparently rapid disappearance of pneumothoraces in eight patients. Decompression of a pneumothorax with a contralateral chest tube was a phenomenon observed in six of these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Antrochoanal polyps.

Inflammatory polyps that arise in the maxillary antra may extend into the nasal cavity and result in nasal obstruction. In some instances a combination of roentgenographic findings is helpful in diagnosis. This combination includes diminished aeration of the involved maxillary antrum, expansion of the antrum, and a soft tissue mass within but not arising from the nasopharynx.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Pancuronium and abnormal abdominal roentgenograms.

Pancuronium bromide treatment in severely ill, mechanically ventilated infants has been shown to result in lower peak transpulmonary pressure, with an accompanying lower-than-expected incidence of pneumothorax. Infants, treated with pancuronium often demonstrate an ominous abdominal roentgenographic finding: the "gasless abdomen." Of 38 mechanically ventilated infants, 22 of 24 pancuronium-treated infants (as compared with four of 14 untreated infants) had diminished or absent bowel gas. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to birth weight, mortality, or incidence of respiratory distress syndrome. Pancuronium prevents swallowing of air but does not inhibit gut peristalsis, thus accounting for the evacuation of abdominal gas three hours or more after administration of the drug. Clinicians who treat infants with pancuronium should be aware of the phenomenon, to avoid needless roentgenographic studies.

Gases↗
PubMed1980

Occult anterior sacral meningocele.

Anterior sacral meningocele is a rare congenital malformation consisting of a spinal fluid-filled sac in the pelvis communicating by a small neck with the spinal subarachnoid space through a sacral defect. This entity should be considered if the characteristic scimitar sacrum is observed on a pelvic roentgenogram. If signs and symptoms also suggest a meningocele, special studies such as ultrasonography and myelography are indicated to establish the diagnosis of an anterior sacral meningocele. Computerized tomography provides additional evidence of spinal-abdominal extension of this lesion.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Solitary spinal metastasis from Wilms' tumor.

A 7 year old boy presented with sudden lower extremity paresis six months after resection of a Wilms' tumor. Roentgenologic studies showed destruction of the sixth vertebral body and a thoracic extradural block by an epidural mass subsequently proven to be a solitary Wilms' metastasis.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Intrapericardial teratoma in infancy.

Intrapericardial teratoma in the newborn is a rare potentially fatal neoplasm. Pre-operative diagnosis depends upon recognition of specific radiographic and echocardiographic findings in a newborn with a larg cardiothymic image and pericardial effusion. Surgical intervention is usually curative whereas undiagnosed intrapericardial teratoma is often fatal.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed1980

Diagnosis of ectopic ureterocele using ultrasound.

Three children with ectopic ureteroceles were examined with ultrasound, excretory urography, and voiding cystography. In all cases the ultrasound studies outlined the ectopic ureterocele within the bladder.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

Preoperative diagnosis of splenic abscess by ultrasonography and radionuclide scanning.

Abscess of the spleen is uncommon and potentially lethal, but until recently it was rarely diagnosed except by exploratory celiotomy or at autopsy. Now, with the advent of radionuclide scanning, ultrasonography, and selective angiography, earlier diagnosis is possible in most cases. We report a case of traumatic abscess of the spleen, which was diagnosed preoperatively and ultrasonography and scanning with gallium citrate Ga 67 and technetium Tc 99m without the need for the more invasive technic of angiography.

Abscess↗
PubMed1978

Neonatal detection and evaluation of infantile polycystic disease by gray scale echography.

Infantile polycystic disease (IPCD) is an uncommon pathologic entity involving the kidneys and liver. Gray scale echography can detect this pathologic process within the kidneys, despite the presence of renal failure. In addition, the sonic study may detect associated hepatic abnormalities even though isotopic liver scan is normal. These capabilities make the ultrasonic examination uniquely suited for evaluating patients with IPCD.

Cysts↗