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Biomedical subjects

J E Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to J E Cooper.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Changes in the administrative incidence of schizophrenia.

First-admission rates to psychiatric hospitals, and data from certain psychiatric case registers suggest that there may have been a substantial decline in the administrative incidence of schizophrenia in recent years. However, data from the Nottingham case register show that rates for first-onset schizophrenia remained stable between 1975 and 1987. It is suggested that variations in trends between different parts of the UK may be partly explained by differences in the proportion of migrants and their children in the population at risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A veterinary approach to leeches.

Leeches have had a long association with human beings and in recent years have proved valuable in biomedical research and surgery. Veterinary surgeons should be concerned with these creatures because of their role in causing disease, because of the part they may play in controlling the numbers of other invertebrates, because of their potential in veterinary therapy and because of the need to manage them properly in captivity.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1990

SCAN. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry.

After more than 12 years of development, the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE-9) was published, together with associated instruments and computer algorithm, in 1974. The system has now been expanded, in the framework of the World Health Organization/Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Joint Project on Standardization of Diagnosis and Classification, and is being tested with the aim of developing a comprehensive procedure for clinical examination that is also capable of generating many of the categories of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised third edition. The new system is known as SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry). It includes the 10th edition of the PSE as one of its core schedules, preliminary tests of which have suggested that reliability is similar to that of PSE-9. SCAN is being field tested in 20 centers in 11 countries. A final version is expected to be available in January 1990.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Structural and functional characteristics of the corpus callosum in schizophrenics, psychiatric controls, and normal controls. A magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological evaluation.

In 1986 Nasrallah and colleagues found that increased thickness of the corpus callosum may be specific to right-handed female schizophrenics. Male and female right-handed schizophrenics were compared with normal and psychiatric controls of comparable age, sex, education, and social class on measures of callosal thickness from a midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging cut and neuropsychological tests of interhemispheric transfer. The sex difference in anterior and posterior callosal thickness in normal controls was reversed in schizophrenics, with the corpus callosum being thicker in female schizophrenics and thinner in male schizophrenics. Similar findings were also observed in the psychiatric control group. These structural differences were not paralleled by evidence of impaired interhemispheric transfer on neuropsychological tasks. These results support the finding of sex-dependent callosal abnormalities in schizophrenia but indicate that these abnormalities may not be specific to this illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Can psychiatrists predict the one-year outcome of schizophrenia?

Following an introduction on the determinants of the outcome of schizophrenia and review of some prediction studies, this paper presents the results of prognostic statements made for 88 first onset schizophrenic patients in terms of their duration of episode, length of stay in hospital, occupational capacity and functioning in the family. Predicted outcome was compared with the actual results after one year. Clinical judges were found to make reasonably accurate predictions about the short term outcome of schizophrenia and their statements were better than chance agreements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Diagnostic problems in liaison psychiatry and the ICD-10.

Liaison psychiatry is an area fraught with diagnostic problems due to the complex overlap between psychopathology and physical illness. The worst difficulties arise where patients also exhibit maladaptive behaviour such as deliberate self harm. In these situations a number of professionals may become involved including physicians, psychiatrists and social workers. As the level of complexity of a case increases an accurate formulation and diagnosis become essential. The International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) in its 1986 draft is currently being field tested. Chapter V (F) 'Mental, Behavioural and Developmental Disorders, is a descriptive clinical psychiatric classification, which will soon be incorporated into a multi-axial schema. This draft classification was used to make a diagnosis for 50 consecutive referrals to a liaison psychiatrist working in a large District General Hospital. This report assesses the applicability of ICD-10, V (F) in liaison psychiatry, and also comments on the characteristics of this group of patients. This leads to a discussion of the requirements for the other axes that would be needed to produce a multi-axial schema capable of allowing complex problems to be accurately formulated.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Turtleback liver on CT and ultrasound: Schistosoma japonica revisited.

Schistosomiasis in its many forms still presents a major public health challenge. Its tendency to cause dystrophic calcification makes it ideal for radiologic study. With population movement the disease may be encountered in unexpected countries especially with the sensitivity of CT to the presence of calcium. S. japonica produces pathognomonic "turtleback" calcification in the liver, in association with hepatic fibrosis but not necessarily cirrhosis. This paper illustrates a classic case and reviews the literature.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Slip-shod or safely shod: the bighorn sheep as a natural model for research.

Over a million injuries caused by slipping of footwear are believed to require treatment by doctors every year in the United Kingdom and many domestic animals are injured by slipping. Recent research has revealed that surface roughness of solings and floors is an important determinant of grip on lubricated surfaces and it is also known that soling friction is affected by hardness. The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) an animal species which has adapted to a slippery environment, was studied to elucidate optimum roughness and hardness and other features which influence grip. Four adult ewes were examined in the London Zoo. The cloven hooves of this species are very mobile and the cranial tips of the hooves are the first parts to make contact with the ground. A very small contact area ensures penetration of a film of water. Mean roughness of the contact area was found to be 53 microns Rtm and the mean hardness 63 Shore A. These characteristics appear to facilitate an excellent grip on wet slippery rock but not on smooth ice. Further studies of the feet of wild species could contribute to an understanding of the factors which determine the safety of solings and floors.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1990

Preliminary studies on the use of propofol in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia).

The anaesthetic propofol was investigated in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). The agent was administrated intravenously, in one group of birds as an adjunct to ketamine hydrochloride, and careful monitoring was performed. The dose of 14 mg kg-1 of propofol was based on allometric scaling for its use as a sole agent. Propofol anaesthesia was characterised by smooth rapid induction and good muscle relaxation but was only of short duration, ranging from two to seven minutes, and seemed to cause a marked respiratory depression. Indeed, a very narrow safety margin for propofol was observed in pigeons when ventilation was not assisted. The agent may have applications in avian anaesthesia but these are likely to be limited.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1990

Normal functional range of motion of upper limb joints during performance of three feeding activities.

This study was designed to quantify the range of upper limb joint motion required during the performance of a specific type of functional activity. Ten able-bodied men were studied as they performed three feeding tasks--eating with a spoon, eating with a fork, and drinking from a handled cup. Three shoulder joint rotations, one elbow joint rotation, one forearm joint rotation, and three wrist joint rotations were quantified simultaneously using a three-dimensional measurement system. It was found that the required ranges of motion for the feeding tasks were 5 degrees to 45 degrees shoulder flexion, 5 degrees to 35 degrees shoulder abduction, 5 degrees to 25 degrees shoulder internal rotation, 70 degrees to 130 degrees elbow flexion, from 40 degrees forearm pronation to 60 degrees forearm supination, from 10 degrees wrist flexion to 25 degrees wrist extension, and from 20 degrees wrist ulnar deviation to 5 degrees wrist radial deviation. Wrist rotation was also measured, but it was found to be negligible.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The classification of anxiety disorders in current and future classifications.

Comments are made on the main categories by which specific states of morbid anxiety are classified in the ICD-9, ICD-10, DSM-III and DSM-III-R. The latest classifications, ICD-10 and DSM-III-R, contain many more such categories than ICD-9, and although they differ in the priority given to panic versus agoraphobia, the content is very largely similar. ICD-10 contains several categories of special interest to mental health workers in developing countries and primary health care.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1989

[The humane killing of fishes, amphibia, reptiles and birds].

Methods, whether or not acceptable in the correct killing of fish, amphibians, reptiles or birds, are reviewed. The acceptable or unacceptable character of each of these techniques is commented upon. The techniques are differentiated into mechanical, chemical and physical methods. Of all mechanical techniques, rendering an animal unconscious by a sharp blow on the head, followed by rapid decapitation is an acceptable method. Of the chemical techniques, inhalation of Halothane, CO2 + O2, or ether, are usually acceptable. Cutaneous absorption by bathing in a solution of the anaesthetic tricaine sulphonate (MS 222) is the method of choice in fish and amphibians. The injectable anaesthetics T61 and pentobarbital-Na are acceptable in all groups of animals. Physical techniques such as supercooling, heating or electrocution are either unacceptable or impracticable in veterinary practice. Attention is paid to the effects of each of these techniques on the animal, the executing individual and the owner. Technical details of the methods most preferable in the humane killing of animals are discussed.

Amphibians↗