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Biomedical subjects

J Carr

Publications and source records attributed to J Carr.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Increasing simple toy play in profoundly mentally handicapped children: II. Designing special toys.

The purpose of this study was to increase simple toy play in profoundly mentally handicapped children by presenting them with specially designed toys. Twenty children (mean chronological age 14 years, mean mental age less than 1 year) were observed while playing with the special toys, which emitted stimuli (vibration, light, or sound) when appropriately operated. They were also observed with the toys when the stimuli were unavailable. There were large individual differences, but, in general, children interacted significantly more with the experimental toys than with the control toys and engaged in significantly less stereotyped behavior when the experimental toys were available. The implications for clinical and research work are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Increasing simple toy play in profoundly mentally handicapped children. I. Training to play.

The purpose of this study was to increase simple toy play in profoundly mentally handicapped children. Twenty children (mean chronological age, 14 years; mean mental age, less than 1 year) were trained to play with ordinary toys, half by a behavior modification technique and half by a control procedure. The operant training led to some increases in total toy contact but did not appear to be significantly more effective than the control technique in promoting independent constructive play. The possible reasons for the relative lack of success of the behavioral training are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The self concept of adolescents with spina bifida.

A study of the children's self concepts was conducted as part of the twelve year follow-up phase of the Greater London Council's Spina Bifida Survey. On the three measures used, there were few significant differences between the spina bifida children and controls, nor between the spina bifida children divided according to such variables as disability level or school type. It was hypothesised that, at twelve years, the children had not yet developed sufficient self-awareness or ability to appreciate the wider implications of their disability, therefore a further sample of spina bifida teenagers was tested. The results from both spina bifida groups showed few significant differences, suggesting that the self concepts of young people with spina bifida in early and later adolescence are neither markedly different from those of their peers, nor associated with degree of disability level or type of school attended. Early hospitalisation was negatively correlated with self concept at twelve years (equivalent data were not available for the teenagers) and this finding is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Oculoplethysmography and supraorbital Doppler evaluation of carotid disease. A reappraisal.

A variety of noninvasive tests are available for the evaluation of patients with suspected extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Recent emphasis on more sophisticated techniques has raised questions concerning the current utility of older methods, e.g., pulse delay oculoplethysmography (OPG) and supraorbital Doppler (SOD) examination. The results of OPG and SOD examination were compared with the findings of carotid arteriography in 75 consecutive patients. This analysis revealed a sensitivity of 78 per cent, specificity of 92 per cent, false-positive rate of 12.5 per cent, false-negative rate of 15.8 per cent, and overall diagnostic accuracy of 85 per cent for OPG. Although the specificity of SOD was superior (94.3%), the sensitivity (41%) false-positive rate (16.6%), false-negative rate (30.5%), and overall diagnostic accuracy of 71.6 per cent of SOD revealed it to be an inferior test of significant carotid stenosis. Based on its ease of performance, minimum of time required, and high level of diagnostic accuracy, OPG currently remains a valuable screening procedure for carotid disease, particularly in the asymptomatic bruit population.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The relationship of disability and school type to everyday life.

The relationships between disability and school type, and aspects of the everyday lives of 11-year-old children in the GLC Spina Bifida Survey, were explored. The more disabled children were found to be less likely to go out on their own or with friends, although not less likely to go out with sibs or adults. They were equally likely to have friends visiting them at home, but less likely to have friends living in the locality, and to go out to visit them. Special school children were more often described as lonely, and of children with visible disabilities those in special schools were more often teased outside school than were those in ordinary schools. Personality ratings by teachers showed little difference between the spina bifida children and other groups of non-handicapped children, but ratings by mothers suggest that the spina bifida children were more likely to alternate between childish and adolescent behaviours.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

The effect of disability on family life.

In the GLC Spina Bifida Survey families were interviewed at 11 years old and the effects of a child with spina bifida on the sibs, father and mother were explored. Health and behaviour of the sibs were reported as at least as good as that of sibs of normal children although mothers of disabled children were more likely to feel that the sibs had suffered. Fathers appeared to have been unrestricted in occupational choice; over the last 9 years 40% had moved upward in social class, twice as many as those who had moved downward. Parents of severely disabled children were significantly more restricted in some social activities than were those of the lightly disabled, and significantly more mothers of SB than of controls reported feeling run-down and depressed. No significant relationship could be found between measures of either health or stress in the parents and any measure of the child's disability level, dependence or amount of hospitalisation, nor with measures of social restriction. There is nevertheless a continuing need for help and support for families of disabled children, for them to make use of as they wish.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Educational attainments of spina bifida children attending ordinary or special schools.

Children with spina bifida who attend special schools are usually found to be retarded in their school attainment compared with those who attend ordinary schools. This finding has, however, often been confounded by the fact that the special school children tend to have lower IQs. In this study two groups of children were identified from those in the Greater London Council (GLC) Spina Bifida Survey, one attending ordinary and the other special schools. There were 11 pairs of boys and 11 of girls, each pair being closely matched for IQ. Examination of their scores on attainment tests showed that while results of reading tests did not differ significantly between the two types of schools, children of both sexes at special schools were behind their ordinary school counterparts in number work. These results were supported by similar findings, using analysis of co-variance, on the larger group of children in the GLC survey. The effect of other factors such as physical handicap, presence of a valve, and time spent in hospital, were explored, and possible explanations for the findings are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

Lymphatic metastasis of mammary adenocarcinoma. An experimental study in the rat with a brief review of the literature.

When 5 million cells of the solid form 13762 rat mammary carcinoma are implanted into the footpad of syngeneic rats there is consistent (approximately 100%) metastasis to the draining popliteal node and thence up the lymphatic chain to the lungs. With the transmission electron microscope tumor cells are seen to penetrate gaps in the lymphatic endothelium, probably but not certainly, between endothelial cells. There is neither widespread patency nor significant destruction of lymphatic endothelium. The tumor cells penetrate in groups and lie in the lymphatic in groups with some evidence of acinar differentiation. Tumor cells lodge in groups in the subcapsular sinus and progressively pass down the radial sinusoids and destroy the node; as they grow there is extensive differentiation into adenocarcinoma. The draining lymph obtained by cannulation does not contain an increase in total cells. A few tumor cells are present mostly in clumps. Recruitment is continuous but not progressively increasing. Any theories on neoplastic invasion and metastasis must take into consideration possible aggregation of some tumor cell types in groups. The literature on experimental lymphatic metastasis is reviewed briefly.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1980

Successful use of a paracorporeal left ventricular assist device in man.

A paracorporeal left ventricular assist device (LVAD) with a capacity to pump 8 L/min of blood was employed in a clinical trial, and this report details the first survivor. A 60-year-old man could not be separated from the pump oxygenator following coronary artery bypass grafting, and, therefore, an LVAD was employed. Almost the entire left ventricular workload was assumed by the mechanical pump so that the myocardium was allowed to rest and recover. The LVAD support was continued for 105 hours. It provided satisfactory total body perfusion with maintenance of good hemodynamics--without serious deleterious effects on hematologic factors. The patient is alive and active without cardiac symptoms 16 months after his operation. The total experience with 13 LVAD implantations warrants continuation of the clinical trials in selected patients.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1980

Lysozyme production by a granuloma in vivo: output in blood and lymph in relation to ultrastructure and immunochemistry.

The output of lysozyme into the venous and lymphatic drainage of a B.C.G. experimental granuloma has been studied. There is a massive output of lysozyme by both routes maximal in the lymph at 28 days, and in the serum at 35 days after induction of the granuloma. There is no similar excretion of acid phosphatase. The lactic dehydrogenase level both in blood draining the granuloma and blood draining the normal limb is elevated but not in precise synchrony with lysozyme output. Macrophages in the granuloma show ultrastructural features suggestive of secretion of dense granules, by appearance of electron dense material in the Golgi zone, and condensation therefrom. Granules are discharged on to the surface of lipid droplets, presumably representing attempted phagocytosis, but are not discharged elsewhere on the cell surface. Granules are released by cell disintegration both of macrophages and polymorphs. Lysozyme was demonstrated immunocytochemically in macrophage granules. The macrophages in the granuloma are biosynthetically active as shown by uptake of tritiated tyrosine. The findings support the view that granulomas export lysozyme and that this is due partly to exocytosis of material by macrophages on to the surface of lipid globules and partly to cell disintegration.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1980

Lymphatic metastasis: invasion of lymphatic vessels and efflux of tumour cells in the afferent popliteal lymph as seen in the Walker rat carcinoma.

When twenty million Walker rat carcinoma cells are injected into the footpad of albino outbred rats, there is progressive metastasis to the draining popliteal and thence para-aortic lymph nodes. The lymphatic duct efferent from the footpad and afferent to the popliteal node has been cannulated; it has been shown that there is a continuous and progressively increasing output of tumour cells, small and large lymphocytes, macrophages and polymorphs from the footpad. About 20 per cent of the cells are tumour cells. The number of tumour cells in the popliteal and para-aortic nodes has been counted using a Coulter counter and subsequent differential counting of stained smears; the nodes contain a progressively increasing number of both tumour cells and lymphoreticular cells. The early accumulation of tumour cells in the para-aortic nodes makes it evident that tumour cells pass rapidly through the primary node. Examination of the simulated primary tumour by transmission electron microscopy suggests that tumour cells move actively toward lymphatics and protrude cytoplasmic processes through gaps in the endothelium. The endothelial cell then degenerates in close proximity to tumour cell processes. This leaves gaps through which tumour cells may pass and ultimately results in lymphatics with large defects in their walls.

Animals↗