Pericardial and pleural diffusion of voriconazole during disseminated invasive aspergillosis: report of a case with successful outcome.
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Antifungal Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
J C Richard
Publications and source records attributed to J C Richard.
What has been learnt from P/V curves in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Mechanical impairment of the respiratory system was recognised soon after the description of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The analysis of the pressure/volume (P/V) curve of the respiratory system contributed a lot to the understanding of the pathophysiology of acute lung injury and formed the basis for lung protection. The lower and upper inflection points were regarded as points of interest to avoid cyclic derecruitment and overdistension and to optimise ventilatory settings. However, because of the heterogeneity of lung injury, reducing the mechanical properties of the whole respiratory system to a single curve is a schematic approach, which makes interpretation difficult. New data suggest that alveolar re-inflation occurs along the whole P/V curve that can, therefore, be considered as a recruitment curve. The lower inflection point has no relationship with alveolar opening and closure and does not indicate the positive end-expiratory pressure needed to prevent alveolar collapse. The shape of the P/V curve gives information about the extension and the homogeneity of lung injury, indicating the possibility of lung recruitment. The upper inflection point, classically seen as the beginning of overdistension, may also indicate the end of recruitment. The pressure/volume curve offers the unique opportunity of evaluating alveolar recruitment/derecruitment at the bedside that can be helpful for the identification of optimal ventilatory settings and makes the curve a valuable tool for the ventilatory management of acute lung injury.
Acute Disease↗
Effect of position, nitric oxide, and almitrine on lung perfusion in a porcine model of acute lung injury.
In a porcine model of oleic acid-induced lung injury, the effects of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and intravenous almitrine bismesylate (ivALM), which enhances the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on the distribution of regional pulmonary blood flow (PBF), were assessed. After injection of 0.12 ml/kg oleic acid, 20 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated piglets [weight of 25 +/- 2.6 (SD) kg] were randomly divided into four groups: supine position, prone position, and 10 ppm iNO for 40 min followed by 4 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) ivALM for 40 min in supine position and in prone position. PBF was measured with positron emission tomography and H(2)15O. The redistribution of PBF was studied on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Positron emission tomography scans were performed before and then 120, 160, and 200 min after injury. With prone position alone, although PBF remained prevalent in the dorsal regions it was significantly redistributed toward the ventral regions (P < 0.001). A ventral redistribution of PBF was also obtained with iNO regardless of the position (P = 0.043). Adjunction of ivALM had no further effect on PBF redistribution. PP and iNO have an additive effect on ventral redistribution of PBF.
Acute Disease↗
Alveolar derecruitment at decremental positive end-expiratory pressure levels in acute lung injury: comparison with the lower inflection point, oxygenation, and compliance.
We examined the hypothesis that recording multiple elastic pressure-volume (Pel/V) curves and calculating alveolar derecruitment (V(DER)) induced by decreasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may allow determination of alveolar closing pressures, thus helping to select the optimal PEEP level. V(DER) measured in 16 patients with acute lung injury (ALI) was compared with the lower inflection point (LIP) and oxygenation changes. A modified automated method was used to record multiple Pel/V curves at low constant flow. PEEP was decreased in 5-cm H(2)O steps, from 20 or 15 cm H(2)O to 0 cm H(2)O (ZEEP). V(DER) was the volume loss between the curves recorded from PEEP and from ZEEP at the same Pel. Derecruitment occurred at each PEEP decrement, being spread almost uniformly over the 20/15 to 0 cm H(2)O range. V(DER) was not correlated with LIP. V(DER) changes correlated with Pa(O(2))/FI(O(2)) changes (rho = 0.6, p = 0.02). Linear compliance at ZEEP was correlated to V(DER) at PEEP 15 cm H(2)O (rho = 0.9, p = 0.001), suggesting that compliance above LIP may reflect the amount of recruitable lung. Thus, alveolar closure in ALI occurs over a wide range of pressures, and LIP is a poor predictor of alveolar closure.
Adult↗
Noninvasive versus conventional mechanical ventilation. An epidemiologic survey.
A prospective survey was performed over a period of 3 wk among 42 intensive care units to assess the incidence of use and effectiveness of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) in clinical practice. All patients requiring ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure (ARF), either with endotracheal intubation (ETI) or NIV, were included. Ventilatory support was required in 689 patients, 581 with ETI and 108 (16%) with NIV (35% of patients not intubated on admission). Reasons for mechanical ventilation were coma (30%), cardiogenic pulmonary edema (7%), and hypoxemic (48%) and hypercapnic ARF (15%). NIV was never used for patients in coma (who were excluded from further analysis), but was used in 14% of patients with hypoxemic ARF, in 27% of those with pulmonary edema, and in 50% of those with hypercapnic ARF. NIV was followed by ETI in 40% of cases. The incidence of both nosocomial pneumonia (10% versus 19%, p = 0.03), and mortality (22% versus 41%, p < 0.001) was lower in NIV patients than in those with ETI. After adjusting for differences at baseline, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05 per point; confidence interval [CI]: 1.04 to 1.06), McCabe/Jackson score (OR = 2.18; CI: 1.57 to 3.03), and hypoxemic ARF (OR = 2.30; CI: 1.33 to 4.01) were identified as risk factors explaining mortality; success of NIV was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia (OR = 0.06; CI: 0.01 to 0.45) and of death (OR = 0.16; CI: 0.05 to 0.54). In NIV patients, SAPS II and a poor clinical tolerance predicted secondary ETI. Failure of NIV was associated with a longer length of stay. In conclusion, NIV can be successful in selected patients, and is associated with a lower risk of pneumonia and death than is ETI.
Aged↗
Influence of tidal volume on alveolar recruitment. Respective role of PEEP and a recruitment maneuver.
Both reduction in tidal volume (VT) and alveolar recruitment may be important to limit ventilator-associated lung injury during mechanical ventilation of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of this study was to assess the risk of alveolar derecruitment associated with VT reduction from 10 to 6 ml/kg. Whether this VT-related derecruitment could be reversed, either by a recruitment maneuver or by an increase in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level, was also investigated. Fifteen patients with ARDS were successively ventilated using conventional VT (CVT = 10 +/- 1 ml/kg) and low VT (LVT = 6 +/- 1 ml/ kg); total PEEP (PEEPtot) was individually set at the lower inflection point (Plip) of the pressure-volume curve (PEEPtot = 11 +/- 4 cm H(2)O). Pressure-volume curves were recorded from zero PEEP (ZEEP) and from PEEP, and recruited volume (Vrec) was calculated as the volume difference between the two curves for a given pressure. Despite a similar PEEPtot, Vrec was significantly lower with LVT than with CVT, indicating low VT-induced alveolar derecruitment. Reduction in VT was associated with a reduced Sa(O(2)). In 10 patients, Vrec was also measured before and after a recruitment maneuver (two sustained inflations at 45 cm H(2)O), and after an increase in PEEP (by 4 cm H(2)O). Low VT-induced derecruitment was reversed by a recruitment maneuver and by increasing PEEP. We conclude that a reduction in VT could be responsible for alveolar derecruitment, which may be transiently reversed by a reexpansion maneuver or prevented by a PEEP increase above Plip.
Adult↗
[Non-invasive ventilation at home: preset volume or pressure?].
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Air Pressure↗
Continuous positive airway pressure during fiberoptic bronchoscopy in hypoxemic patients. A randomized double-blind study using a new device.
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) may worsen oxygenation and clinical status in severely hypoxemic patients. We conducted a prospective, randomized double-blind trial to compare the delivery of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a tool for maintaining oxygenation during FOB, to the delivery of oxygen only. Thirty consecutive patients who needed FOB for diagnostic purposes were enrolled. Their arterial oxygen pressure (Pa(O(2))) to inspired oxygen fraction (FI(O(2))) ratio was below 300 mm Hg. CPAP was generated by a simple new device open to the atmosphere. During FOB and the 30 min thereafter, pulse oximetry values (Sp(O(2))) were significantly higher in the CPAP than the Oxygen group (95.7 +/- 1.9% versus 92.6 +/- 3.1, p = 0.02). The lowest Sp(O(2)) values were observed in the Oxygen group (93.5 +/- 2.4% versus 88.6 +/- 3.4, p = 0.002). Arterial blood gases 15 min after FOB showed that Pa(O(2)) had increased in the CPAP group and decreased in the Oxygen group (DeltaPa(O(2)) = +10.5% +/- 16.9 versus -15% +/- 16.6, p = 0.01). Five patients in the Oxygen group, but none in the CPAP group, developed respiratory failure in the 6 h after FOB and required ventilatory assistance (p = 0.03). We conclude that in hypoxemic patients, the use of a new CPAP device during FOB allowed minimal alterations in gas exchange and prevented subsequent respiratory failure.
Adult↗
Pressure-volume curves and compliance in acute lung injury: evidence of recruitment above the lower inflection point.
Measuring elastic pressure-volume (Pel-V) curves of the respiratory system and the volume recruited by a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) allows one to study the pressure range over which recruitment occurs in acute lung injury (ALI), and to explain how recruitment affects the compliance. Pel-V curves were measured with the low flow inflation technique in 11 patients mechanically ventilated for ALI. Curve I was recorded during inflation from the volume attained after a prolonged expiration (6 s) at PEEP (9.0 +/- 2.2 cm H2O), and Curve II after expiration to the elastic equilibrium volume at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP). By using the end-expiratory volume of the breaths, the curves were aligned on a common volume axis to determine the effect of a single complete expiration. In each patient, Curve II (from ZEEP) was shifted toward lower volumes than Curve I. The volume shift, probably due to derecruitment, was 205 +/- 100 ml at 15 cm H2O (p < 0.01) and 78 +/- 93 ml at 30 cm H2O (p < 0.01); thus, during inflation from ZEEP, the volume deficit was successively regained over a pressure range up to at least 30 cm H2O. At any pressure, compliance was higher on the curve from ZEEP than from PEEP, by 10.0 +/- 8.7 ml/cm H2O at 15 cm H2O (p < 0.01), and by 5.4 +/- 5.5 at 30 cm H2O (p < 0.01). It is concluded that in ALI, a single expiration to ZEEP leads to lung collapse. High compliance during insufflation from ZEEP indicates that lung recruitment happens far above the lower inflection point of the Pel-V curve.
Adolescent↗
Unplanned extubation: risk factors of development and predictive criteria for reintubation.
OBJECTIVES: To define patients at risk for unplanned extubation; to assess the influence of nursing workload on the incidence of unplanned extubation; and to determine predictive criteria for patients requiring reintubation. DESIGN: A prospective, case-control study, with 10 and 15 mos of data collection. SETTING: University medical intensive care department. PATIENTS: In the first study, which lasted 10 mos, unplanned extubation occurred in 40 (14%) of 281 ventilated and intubated patients; 36 cases were sufficiently documented to be compared with 74 intubated and ventilated controls. In the second study, which lasted 15 mos, the reintubated patients (n=23) of a series of 62 unplanned extubation patients were compared with those who were not reintubated (n=39). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The following parameters were recorded: gender, age, main reason for admission, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, route of intubation (oral or nasotracheal), tube diameter, ventilatory mode, FiO2, frequency and tidal volume delivered by the ventilator immediately before unplanned extubation, arterial blood gases performed 24 hrs before unplanned extubation, the presence of any sedation with, in this case, the last Ramsay score, the presence of hand restraints, the presence of weaning of ventilation, the accidental or deliberate nature of unplanned extubation, the Glasgow Coma Score at the time of unplanned extubation, the duration of ventilation before unplanned extubation, total duration of ventilation and stay in the intensive care unit, and the patient's survival or death. The nursing workload was evaluated using a score derived from the Projet de Recherche en Nursing and adapted to intensive care. Unplanned extubation patients were more frequently intubated orally than controls (33.3% vs. 14.9%, respectively; p< .05). In the population of sedated patients, unplanned extubation patients were more frequently agitated than controls (60% vs. 19%, respectively; p < .05). The nursing workload did not differ between days with and days without unplanned extubation. Twenty-three (37%) of the 62 cases of documented unplanned extubation were reintubated. Predictive factors of reintubation are, in decreasing order of importance: Glasgow Coma Score of <11, accidental nature of unplanned extubation, and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200 torr (<26.7 kPa). CONCLUSIONS: Patients at risk for unplanned extubation are characterized by oral intubation and insufficient sedation. In the department studied, and with the specific score used, we did not observe a relationship between the nursing workload and the incidence of unplanned extubation. A Glasgow Coma Score of <11, the accidental nature of unplanned extubation, and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200 torr (<26.7 kPa) are factors associated with a risk of reintubation.
Accidents↗
Expiratory valves used for home devices: experimental and clinical comparison.
A bench study followed by a clinical trial were performed to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of five (commercially available) expiratory valves used for home ventilators, as well as the potential clinical impact of differences between these valves. In the in vitro study, expiratory valve resistance was evaluated under unvarying conditions, whereas dynamic behaviour was evaluated by calculating the imposed expiratory work of breathing during a simulated breath generated by a lung model. Differences in resistance and imposed expiratory work of up to twofold and 150%, respectively, were found across valves. We then conducted a randomized crossover clinical study to compare the effects of the least resistive (Bennett) and most resistive expiratory valves (Peters) in 10 intubated patients receiving pressure support ventilation. There were no significant differences regarding blood gases or respiratory parameters except for the oesophageal pressure-time product (PTPoes), which was significantly increased by the Peters valve (236+/-113 cmH2O x s x min(-1) versus 194+/-90 cmH2O x s x min(-1)). An analysis of individual responses found that the Peters valve induced substantial increases in intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), PTPoes, and expiratory activity in those patients with the greatest ventilatory demand. In conclusion, differences between home expiratory valve resistances may have a clinically relevant impact on the respiratory effort of patients with a high ventilatory demand.
Adult↗
Physiological effects and optimisation of nasal assist-control ventilation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in respiratory failure.
BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of non-invasive assist-control ventilation (ACV) by nasal mask on respiratory physiological parameters and comfort in acute on chronic respiratory failure (ACRF). METHODS: Fifteen patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were prospectively and randomly assigned to two non-invasive ventilation (NIV) sequences in spontaneous breathing (SB) and ACV mode. ACV settings were always optimised and therefore subsequently adjusted according to patient's tolerance and air leaks. RESULTS: ACV significantly decreased all the total inspiratory work of breathing (WOBinsp) parameters, pressure time product, and oesophageal pressure variation in comparison with SB mode. The ACV mode also resulted in a significant reduction in surface diaphragmatic electromyographic activity to 36% of the control values and significantly improved the breathing pattern. SB did not change the arterial blood gas tensions from baseline values whereas ACV significantly improved both the PaO2 from a mean (SD) of 8.45 (2.95) kPa to 13.31 (2.15) kPa, PaCO2 from 9.52 (1.61) kPa to 7.39 (1.39) kPa, and the pH from 7.32 (0.03) to 7.40 (0.07). The respiratory comfort was significantly lower with ACV than with SB. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the clinical benefit of non-invasive ACV in the management of ACRF in patients with COPD results in a reduced inspiratory muscle activity providing an improvement in breathing pattern and gas exchange. Despite respiratory discomfort, the muscle rest provided appears sufficient when ACV settings are optimised.
Acute Disease↗
Comparative physiologic effects of noninvasive assist-control and pressure support ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of noninvasive assist-control ventilation (ACV) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) by nasal mask on respiratory physiologic parameters and comfort in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF). DESIGN: A prospective randomized study. SETTING: A medical ICU. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Fifteen patients with COPD and AHRF were consecutively and randomly assigned to two noninvasive ventilation (NIV) sequences with ACV and PSV mode, spontaneous breathing (SB) via nasal mask being used as control. ACV and PSV settings were always subsequently adjusted according to patient's tolerance and air leaks. Fraction of inspired oxygen did not change between the sequences. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: ACV and PSV mode strongly decreased the inspiratory effort in comparison with SB. The total inspiratory work of breathing (WOBinsp) expressed as WOBinsp/tidal volume (VT) and WOBinsp/respiratory rate (RR), the pressure time product (PTP), and esophageal pressure variations (deltaPes) were the most discriminant parameters (p<0.001). ACV most reduced WOBinsp/VT (p<0.05), deltaPes (p<0.05), and PTP (0.01) compared with PSV mode. The surface diaphragmatic electromyogram activity was also decreased >32% as compared with control values (p<0.01), with no difference between the two modes. Simultaneously, NIV significantly improved breathing pattern (p<0.01) with no difference between ACV and PSV for VT, RR, minute ventilation, and total cycle duration. As compared to SB, respiratory acidosis was similarly improved by both modes. The respiratory comfort assessed by visual analog scale was less with ACV (57.23+/-30.12 mm) than with SB (75.15+/-18.25 mm) (p<0.05) and PSV mode (81.62+/-25.2 mm) (p<0.01) in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: During NIV for AHRF using settings adapted to patient's clinical tolerance and mask air leaks, both ACV and PSV mode provide respiratory muscle rest and similarly improve breathing pattern and gas exchange. However, these physiologic effects are achieved with a lower inspiratory workload but at the expense of a higher respiratory discomfort with ACV than with PSV mode.
Acute Disease↗
Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in two elderly women with elevated serum fluoxetine.
OBJECTIVE: Fluoxetine is widely prescribed for depressed patients. Hyponatremia secondary to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been reported in a few cases associated with routine use of fluoxetine, especially in elderly patients. The mechanism has been postulated to be linked to the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Serum concentrations of antidiuretic hormone and fluoxetine have not been reported in previously published reports. CASE REPORT: We report two new cases of severe and reversible hyponatremia associated with routine use of fluoxetine therapy in two elderly women. Fluoxetine-induced inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was confirmed by elevated serum concentrations of antidiuretic hormone and fluoxetine.
Aged↗
Weaning criteria from mechanical ventilation.
Although the majority of mechanically-ventilated patients can be rapidly transferred to spontaneous breathing, a substantial minority of them develop difficulties during weaning attempts, prolonging the length of hospital stay and increasing the risk of complications. Inversely, excessively early weaning and extubation increase the morbidity of ventilated patients. It is, therefore, essential to be able to determine the ideal time of weaning for each patient, more particularly for those likely to develop difficulties. Various clinical and laboratory criteria of weaning, or, more precisely, predictive factors of weaning, may therefore help the intensive care physician to precisely evaluate the suitability of disconnecting a patient from a ventilator. Many of the classical criteria used are frequently inaccurate in predicting the outcome of weaning, and new criteria have been described and designed to be more objective and discriminant in predicting the suitability of weaning. The authors make a critical review and analyse the limitations of these different criteria.
Acute Disease↗
[Thoracic opacity and standard pulmonary radiography].
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Adult↗
[New experimental dental materials for real-time televised radiographic examination].
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Fiber Optic Technology↗
Acute septic arthritis of the fingers. A clinical study of 87 cases.
The authors analyse a clinical series of 87 operated cases of acute septic arthritis of the fingers. Arthritis followed either a direct neglected punctiform inoculation or an adjacent infection (subcutaneous felon), or a serious open wound having received emergency surgery. During surgery a careful assessment was made of the extent of the infection, indicating the condition of the cartilage and that of the articular and periarticular soft tissues. Treatment was either conservative (surgical drainage, synovectomy and closure) or non-conservative (arthrodesis, articular resection or even amputation). The short term results were evaluated on recovery from infection and the long term results (after six months) on the joint function. There is a correlation between the causative factor, the pathology and the prognosis: direct punctiform inoculations operated upon at an early stage and simple joint wounds did not have a regional infection; in all other cases there was one. Conservative treatment was limited to those patients with no regional infection. In these cases, a localized abnormal aspect of the cartilage did not prove to be irreversible. Thus the prognosis was good only in cases of direct punctiform inoculations operated upon at an early stage. In the other cases, either the conservative treatment failed, or a non-conservative treatment was decided upon immediately. Severe joint infection leads to residual lack of motion, and the destruction of the articular surfaces may induce the surgeon to perform an arthrodesis. In the early stages of arthritis, surgical attempts have been made at controlling the infection and preserving articular motion (1, 2). The few works published on that matter deal with larger limb joints. In this paper we present a series of 87 cases of acute septic arthritis of the fingers.
Acute Disease↗