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Biomedical subjects

J B Murray

Publications and source records attributed to J B Murray.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Successful treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Behavioral therapy and drugs have significantly improved obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. A variety of behavioral therapy methods have been employed, but exposure and prevention of response, particularly, have reduced ritualistic actions of many OCD patients. Many psychoactive drugs have been tried; the tricyclic antidepressant drugs (clomipramine or Anafranel), especially in research outside the United States, have alleviated OCD symptoms as well as depression. Compulsive rituals have responded more often than obsessive actions to both behavioral and psychopharmacological therapy. Recent research has suggested that psychophysiological as well as traditional psychogenic factors may contribute to the etiology, course, and alleviation of OCD.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1986

Psychological aspects of anorexia nervosa.

Research on anorexia nervosa (AN), its etiology and treatment, and the results of outcome studies are reviewed. Early studies focused on psychodynamic aspects of AN whereas recently the brain's neurotransmitters and hypothalamic area, particularly, having been investigated as contributing to symptoms of AN. No treatment is successful for all AN patients. Recovery is slow and is often resisted. Diet, psychotherapy, and drugs have sometimes alleviated symptoms for some AN patients but the root cause and the best treatment have eluded a century of research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Lithium therapy for mania and depression.

The literature on lithium carbonate was reviewed for clues to the processes involved in mania. Lithium has proved effective therapeutically and prophylactically for mania and depressive disorders. Children and adolescents as well as adults tolerate lithium well. Side effects rarely are serious enough to necessitate having lithium therapy. Some success with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders has broadened the scope of lithium's therapeutic efficacy but also blunted the expectation for a direct relationship between lithium and the processes involved in mania. Research points to neurotransmitters as contributing to the etiology and symptom pattern of mania.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1985

New psychoactive drugs.

Many psychologists function in mental health clinics and mental institutions where psychoactive drugs are prescribed and administered or treat patients in therapy for whom psychoactive drugs have been prescribed. Six years ago, psychoactive drugs available to patients and physicians were reviewed for psychologists (Murray, 1978). The variety of psychoactive drugs is greater now, and this review summarizes their impact on the brain and the nervous system and describes their effects on patients' behavior.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1984

Psychological factors in ulcerative colitis.

Almost 50 years ago ulcerative colitis was included among the seven classical psychosomatic diseases. The psychodynamics and personality structures specific to ulcerative colitis sufferers were sought and the main-stay of treatment was psychotherapy. However, for the past decade the psychogenic approach to this disorder has been replaced by physiological and immunological explanations and treatments. The history of medical and psychogenic explanations and treatments of ulcerative colitis has been traced to the present. Ulcerative colitis remains a "riddle," as it was described almost 50 years ago, a complex disorder whose pattern is to flare up and subside, its cause and cure still unknown despite almost 100 years of study.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed1984

Effects of valium and librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions.

Research on the effect of the benzodiazepines, Valium, and Librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions is reviewed. Benzodiazepines which are the most important antianxiety medications also have anticonvulsant, hypnotic-sedative, and muscle-relaxant properties. Research on the benzodiazepine hypnotic "hangover" effects on cognitive and motor behavior is cited. The benzodiazepines Valium and Librium probably interact with neurotransmitters, especially GABA and very likely have specific receptors in the brain and central nervous system. Absorption and elimination rate vary with dosage, method of administration, and age. Valium and Librium have no gravely harmful side effects, little addictive potential; danger from overdosage is minimal. Although controlled studies of the impact of psychoactive drugs on psychomotor and cognitive performance are relatively recent, Valium and Librium apparently have little, if any, adverse effect on well established higher mental functions and may affect the speed with which simple repetitive motor actions are performed. None of their effects are irreversible. Benzodiazepines (BZ) have been remarkable drugs. They have virtually replaced all other forms of antianxiety medications (48, 95, 109, 225). All the BZ drugs additionally have anticonvulsant, sedative-hypnotic, and muscle-relaxant properties (4, 77, 88, 112, 252). Two of the BZ drugs, Valium (diazepam) and Librium (chlordiazepoxide) have been the best sellers of the BZ drug family and the most frequently prescribed drugs in the world (7, 15, 17, 77, 110, 137, 215, 257). The impact of Valium and Librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions is the focus of this review of research. Since millions of people are using these drugs, how do Valium and Librium affect alertness and responsiveness, for example, in driving a car to work, or operating a machine in a factory (240)? Tranquilizing drugs like Valium and Librium were hailed when they replaced sedatives like barbiturates because they did not cloud the mind. Is decision-making or mental alertness affected in those who use Valium or Librium (69)? In studying the impact of drugs on the central nervous system (CNS) and brain, animal subjects frequently are employed. However, the human condition of anxiety for which Valium and Librium are usually prescribed is hard to evaluate and human subjects vary greatly, so that this review of research has been limited for the most part to studies with human subjects (8, 26, 50, 107, 108, 262, 263, 264).

Aged↗
PubMed1983

A micro sustained release system for epidermal growth factor.

A technique for ensuring the controlled release of microgram and smaller amounts of biologically active epidermal growth factor (EGF) from polymeric delivery systems is described. We show that albumin in milligram quantities can facilitate the sustained release of picogram amounts of EGF for at least 3 wk. The EGF-containing polymer matrix can be placed directly into cell culture and will increase the proliferation rate of serum-starved cells. The method reported here should be suited particularly to the delivery of biologically active growth factors that are obtainable in only microgram or smaller amounts.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Control of postoperative renal hemorrhage by embolization with a Gianturco coil.

A 35-year-old woman underwent a left pyelonephrolithotomy for removal of a staghorn calculus. Blood loss was minimal for 5 days. Then there was profuse bleeding from the left kidney that did not respond to conservative management. Angiographic examination demonstrated extravasation of contrast medium from a minor intrarenal artery in the lower pole of the kidney directly into the pelvicalyceal system. An attempt was made to embolize the bleeding vessel with Gelfoam particles but this failed because the Gelfoam passed directly into the collecting system. A Gianturco coil, however, occluded the vessel and immediately the hemorrhage ceased; the patient had no further complications. The authors emphasize that the introduction of a steel coil to control bleeding is advocated only when the use of temporary occlusive agents is unsuccessful.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The psyche and stomach ulcers.

Research with gastric and duodenal ulcers is traced briefly. Psychosocial factors, such as age, culture, and sex, influence the incidence of ulcers. Recent research has discovered two sets of receptors in the stomach for pepsinogen I and II; new drugs which inhibit the secretion of stomach acid now can be used along with older drugs and diets which counteract the stomach acid. Psychologists can make an important contribution by assisting ulcer patients to respond to treatment and to avoid precipitating situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Partition coefficients of some aromatic alcohols in an n-heptane/water system and their relationship to minimum inhibitory concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

The partition coefficients of the homologous series of aromatic alcohols were determined in an n-heptane/water system. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-phenylpropanol, 4-phenylbutanol and 5-phenylpentanol were elucidated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The linear relationship log1/C = a log P + b postulated by Hansch was found to apply.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1980

Psychosomatic aspects of gout.

Hyperuricemia is the specific biochemical vulnerability of gout sufferers. However, hyperuricemia is much more frequent than gout. Gout also is more frequent in men; after menopause gout attacks become more frequent in women; psychosocial factors, like stressful life events, tension, and anxiety can trigger attacks of gout, which modern pharmacology can moderate and control.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Psychosomatic aspects of cancer: an overview.

An overview of research on the psychosomatic aspects of cancer indicated that earlier psychoanalytic interpretations which focused on intrapsychic elements have given way to considerations of rehabilitation of victims of cancer and assistance with the complex emotional reactions of patients to terminal disease and of patients' families both to the disease and to death.

Adult↗