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I Sando

Publications and source records attributed to I Sando.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of a temporal bone.

The complexities of the temporal bone and the critical inter-relationships among its key structures can be simplified with three-dimensional computer-assisted reconstruction. Knowledge of the topography of these structures and their mutual relationships in essential in any surgical approach to the temporal bone. Sixty sagittal histologic sections of a normal left temporal bone were examined. Each section, 30 microns in thickness, was optically enlarged. Segments representing the facial nerve, internal carotid artery, and inner ear structures from individual slides were traced and data were entered into a computer. A personal computer was used for data processing and analysis. Graphic software developed in our laboratory generated images with x-y-z coordinates that could be rotated in any plane. The high resolution of the computer graphics system, combined with the precision of histologic sections, permitted study of the critical three-dimensional anatomic relationships among essential intratemporal bone structures. The capability of reproducing individual and joint images of the intratemporal bone structures and viewing them from all surgical angles gives skull base and otologic surgeons important topographic guidance. Accurate spatial measurements of temporal bone anatomy are now possible with the application of computer graphic technology.

Carotid Artery, Internal↗
PubMed1989

Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of the round window niche.

The goal of this study was to clarify the three-dimensional shape of the round window niche and to measure this structure three-dimensionally using the computer-aided reconstruction method we developed. The equipment used in this study included a personal computer (NEC 98-XA), a high-resolution 14-inch color CRT, a digitizer (Hitachi HDG-1111), and a printer. We studied five normal temporal bones obtained from five individuals with negative otologic histories, who had been 5 months and 14, 15, 18, and 59 years old at death. In each case the round window niche was located posteroinferior to the round window. The round window niches had wide openings to the middle ear cavity that became narrower near the aperture; thus, the round window niche seemed to be shaped like a pouch. The maximal diameter of the round window niche was 2.98 +/- 0.23 mm. The shortest distance between the aperture of the round window niche and the margin of the round window was 0.66 +/- 0.16 mm. The volume of the round window niche, on average, was 4.65 +/- 0.67 mm3. The volume of the round window niche was found to be correlated with the area of the round window.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Frequency and localization of congenital anomalies of the middle and inner ears: a human temporal bone histopathological study.

This study investigated congenital anomalies occurring in the middle and the inner ears, with particular attention to their features, localizations, and frequencies. One hundred human temporal bones obtained from 73 individuals, aged 31 gestational weeks to 39 years, each of whom had anomalies of the middle ear and/or inner ear, were used for this study. The temporal bones had been removed at autopsy, fixed, dehydrated, embedded in celloidin, and sectioned horizontally or vertically at 20 microns. Every 10th horizontal section or every 20th vertical section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin, mounted and studied under a light microscope. In the middle ear the structure most often found to be anomalous was the facial nerve; in the inner ear it was the lateral semicircular canal. The implications of the anomalies observed are discussed as they relate to fetal development, dysfunction of the ear, and clinical interpretation of diagnostic radiological studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Anomaly of the round window a histopathological study using a graphic reconstruction method.

Although literature to date has reported that anomalies of the round window occur infrequently, no study to our knowledge has investigated such anomalies quantitatively. Thus, we developed a graphic reconstruction method and used it to study histology sections of the temporal bones. By this method we studied quantitatively the morphology of the round window of individuals with Mondini dysplasia of the inner ear and compared it to that of individuals with no anomaly. Iit was found that in 3 of 19 individuals with dysplasia, the total area of the round window was more than two standard deviations below the mean, thus small enough to be called anomalous. Moreover, the area of the round window was statistically significantly smaller in the ears from individuals with Mondini dysplasia, as a group, than in normal ears. This round window anomaly seems to be due to interruption of the normal development of the round window early in fetal life, as the result of poor development of the cartilage bar between the tympanic cavity and the subarachnoid space and also of the otic capsule in the hook portion of the basal turn of the cochlea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of the vestibular end-organs.

It is very valuable for temporal bone morphologists to be able to recognize temporal bone serial sections in three dimensions and to be able to measure temporal bone structures three-dimensionally. We can now do 3-dimensional reconstruction to visualize the structures of vestibular endorgans (utricular and saccular maculae) and measure these endorgans in space by means of a small computer system and software that we developed. As well as obtaining the dimensions--such as length and area--of the utricular and saccular maculae, we also found that (1) most of the utricular macula lies in one plane, which is the same as the plane of the lateral semicircular canal, (2) the saccular macula is shaped like part of a sphere, and (3) the angle between the two maculae is less than a right angle. Such knowledge is indispensable to the evaluation of the function of the utricular and saccular maculae.

Acoustic Maculae↗
PubMed1988

Congenital middle and inner ear anomalies.

For this study, 100 human temporal bones from 73 individuals, aged 31 gestational weeks to 39 years, each with anomalies of the middle and/or inner ear, were studied to identify the features, locations, and frequencies with which congenital anomalies occurred in these structures. The temporal bones had been removed at autopsy, fixed, dehydrated, embedded in celloidin, sectioned horizontally or vertically at 20 microns, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and studied under a light microscope. The anomaly in the middle ear most often found was wide dehiscence of the facial canal; hypoplastic cochlea was most frequently observed anomaly in the inner ear. The implications of these findings for development of the ear during fetal life are discussed.

Ear, Inner↗
PubMed1987

Perilymph fistula resulting from microfissures.

Perilymphatic fistulas are well documented in the otolaryngologic literature as a cause for both auditory and vestibular symptoms. The anatomic location of fistulas has been clinically confirmed in both the oval and round windows. Furthermore, membranous tears within the cochlea have been described post mortem and may be the cause of the remaining fistulas which are suspected but not confirmed surgically. A fourth source of perilymph fistula has previously been suggested by Okano and Harada. During the past several years, surgical confirmation of perilymph leakage from two microfissure areas has been observed. These cases will be briefly discussed along with their clinical implications. Speculation as to the type of hearing loss caused by fistulas will be offered. Hypotheses concerning the various symptoms encountered in patients and the location of the defect will also be addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Mesenchyme remaining in human temporal bones.

This study was conducted in order to gain basic information about mesenchyme remaining in the middle ear cleft in normal infants. Because no previous report has objectively described the quantity or quality of such postnatal remnants in normal infants, it has not been possible to accurately evaluate the significance of mesenchyme remaining in the middle ears of infants with pathologic conditions, such as otitis media and congenital anomalies. Thus, 53 temporal bones obtained from 41 individuals reported upon here--from 26 weeks' gestation to 8 years of age--will be controls for future studies of pathologic conditions. The children from whom these temporal bones were obtained had no anomalies of the ear (or any other known part of the body); nor did they have any pathologic conditions in the ear. The temporal bones were prepared for histologic study with hematoxylin and eosin staining and were examined under the light microscope. After areas of the mesenchyme in the histologic sections were projected and illustrated for each of 19 portions in the middle ear cleft under the microprojector, those areas were measured by compensating polar planimetry. The findings obtained in this study were as follows: The amount of mesenchyme remaining in the days after birth seemed to gradually decrease in volume with increased maturity and had nearly disappeared within the first year in normal infants. Where mesenchyme was noted in the temporal bones of infants over 1 year of age, it was usually present only in small niches.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1985

How to remove, process, and study the temporal bone with the entire eustachian tube and its accessory structures: a method for histopathological study.

A very important contribution to the study of otitis media, one of the diseases most often seen in pediatric patients, is the collection and study of temporal bone specimens which include the entire Eustachian tube. During the last few years, we have collected, processed, and studied more than 100 such specimens. Through these experiences, our technique has become so refined that we have some important suggestions to make to otologists who are interested in the histological study of otitis media as well as in the pathology of the Eustachian tube and its relation to middle ear abnormalities. This report describes the method we have found to be most successful for the study of Eustachian tube abnormalities and their relationship to middle ear effusion.

Eustachian Tube↗
PubMed1984

Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in the neck invading the facial canal--a case report.

The results of histopathologic examination of the temporal bone of a 71-year-old woman with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil and ipsilateral facial palsy are presented. The right temporal bone was directly involved by metastatic spread of the primary lesion to the right upper cervical lymph nodes. Tumor cells had invaded the canal of the facial nerve, the chorda tympani nerve, and the stapedius muscle, as well as the air cells in the mastoid region. However, although tumor cells had infiltrated the facial canal to a considerable distance from the metastatic tumor mass, the facial nerve had not been infiltrated. Slight degeneration of the facial nerve, however, was observed and appeared to have been caused by compression by the tumor.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

The anatomy of the auditory tube and paratubal musculature in a one month old cleft palate infant.

The auditory tube, middle and inner ear, and paratubal musculature were removed en bloc at autopsy from a 1 month old white cleft palate female. The specimen was serially sectioned in a coronal plane and studied under light microscopy. Severe inflammatory changes were observed in the middle ear and osseous portion of the auditory tube in association with the presence of a middle ear effusion. While the posterior tubal lumen, tubal cartilage, and tensor veli palatini (TVP) and tensor tympani muscles were similar to those of an age-matched control specimen, the anterior tubal lumen was seen to be superoinferiorly abbreviated with a large intrusive malpositioned levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle occupying the inferior tubal floor. This muscle was noted to divide into two bundles on proceeding posteriorly with the more superior bundle taking an abnormal origin from the inferior surface of the tube. The luminal compression observed in this specimen is reminiscent of that previously described in cleft fetuses though the abnormal morphology of the LVP muscle has not been reported for the few cleft palate specimens studied. It is probable that this morphology is idiomatic to the present specimen and not a characteristic of the cleft palate condition.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1982

Severe middle ear anomaly with underdeveloped facial nerve. A temporal bone histopathologic case report.

The temporal bone histopathologic condition of a 9-year-old patient with unilateral congenital facial palsy and an auricular anomaly is described. The major pathologic findings were an extremely underdeveloped facial nerve, abnormal course of the facial nerve, an abnormally large middle ear artery that was suspected to be a persistent stapedial artery, absence of a pneumatized tympanic cavity, a severe ossicular anomaly, and an enlarged Eustachian tube. We believe that this child had a severe type of developmental anomaly of the middle ear, possibly caused by changes that occurred in early embryonal life. We reviewed the literature for similar cases in which the facial nerve is anomalous. We present a classification of such anomalies in the temporal bone in this case and in eight others and discuss the clinical implications of such anomalies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Temporal bone histopathologic findings in Down's syndrome.

We report the results of a histopathologic study of 12 temporal bones from seven patients with Down's syndrome and of a dimensional study of the cochlea and the vestibular apparatuses of most of these specimens. Histopathologic study disclosed numerous abnormalities of the middle ear but only a limited number of inner ear abnormalities. The dimensional study showed that, while in the majority of cases the cochlea was shortened, most of the vestibular measurements were within the normal range. We also discuss hearing loss in patients with Down's syndrome and present our hypothesis that remnants of mesenchymal tissue in the round window niche might cause a certain degree of conductive hearing loss in such cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Temporal bone histopathologic features in Fanconi's anemia syndrome.

A histopathologic study of the temporal bones from a 7-year-old girl with Fanconi's anemia syndrome demonstrated (1) hemorrhage in the submucosal layer and the cavity of the middle ear and mastoid, massive in the right ear; (2) hypocellularity of the bone marrow; (3) minor but multiple anomalies of the middle ear; and (4) hypodevelopment of the hook portion of the cochlea and reduced overall length of the cochlear duct. The histopathologic features of these temporal bones appears to suggest that congenital anomalies of the inner ear, as well as those of the external and middle ears, would be possible causes of the deafness that accompanies Fanconi's anemia syndrome.

Anemia, Aplastic↗