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Biomedical subjects

I Phillips

Publications and source records attributed to I Phillips.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

In vitro antibacterial activity of norfloxacin (MK-0366).

The in vitro activity of norfloxacin (MK-0366) compared with that of beta-lactam antibiotics and, where appropriate of gentamicin or metronidazole was assessed against recent clinical isolates of common bacteria. The compound was highly active against most enterobacteria (minimal inhibitory concentrations [MICs], 0.008 to 32 micrograms/ml; 90% inhibited by 0.25 micrograms/ml), Haemophilus influenzae (MICs, 0.03 to 0.12 micrograms/ml), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MICs, 0.008 to 0.016 micrograms/ml). It was also active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICs, 0.12 to 2 micrograms/ml), most other pseudomonads (MICs, 0.03 to 32 micrograms/ml), and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (MICs 0.06 to 4 micrograms/ml). Norfloxacin was somewhat less active against staphylococci (MICs, 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml; 1 microgram/ml required to inhibit 50% of isolates) and streptococci (MICs, 0.5 to 64 micrograms/ml). Members of the Bacteroides fragilis group of anaerobes were relatively resistant to norfloxacin (MICs, 8 to 128 micrograms/ml), as were most other anaerobes.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1982

The use of an anaerobic incubator for the isolation of anaerobes from clinical samples.

An anaerobic incubator was compared with a standard jar system for the isolation of anaerobes from clinical material. Seventy specimens were selected as likely to yield anaerobes: 342 different anaerobes were isolated in the incubator and 347 in anaebrobic jars. These included Bacteroides spp (43%), Peptococcus spp (26%), Peptostreptococcus spp (13%), Veillonella spp (7%), Fusobacterium spp (7%), Clostridium spp (2%) and miscellaneous Gram-positive nonsporing bacilli (2%). Differences in isolation rates for each system were inconsistent and minor. Sixteen anaerobes were chosen for quantitative tests at the beginning and end of the study period. Miles and Misra counts showed a slight advantage of the incubator for F nucleatum, but no difference for B fragilis, B thetaiomicron, B uniformis, B bivius, B corrodens, F mortiferum, Ps anaerobius, P prevotii or Propionibacterium acnes. In almost all cases, colonies in anaerobic jars were slightly larger than those in the incubator. Disc antibiotic sensitivity tests gave the same results in each system, at the beginning and end of the study period. The anaerobic incubator provides an effective means of isolation of anaerobes in a clinical laboratory. However, several design features of the prototype would require change if the system were introduced.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of antisera in the fluorescent antibody test for detection of Bacteroides spp in clinical specimens.

Twenty-two known strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group of organisms and 67 clinical specimens from a variety of sites were examined by fluorescent antibody test (IFA) using two different antisera fro the rapid detection of B fragilis group of organisms. A previously reported Barts' pooled antisera was compared with a commercially produced Fluoretec kit antisera and the findings were related to routine anaerobic culture and gas liquid chromatography for short chain fatty acids. The Barts' antisera was more sensitive (88%) but less specific (88%) than the kit (sensitivity 50%, specificity 98%). This indicates that Barts' antisera picks up more positive cultures than the kit. The predictive value of a positive test was 82% for Barts' antisera and 93% for the kit. There were higher numbers of false-negatives with the kit (13/26) than with the Barts' (3/26). The predictive value of a negative test was 92% for Barts' antisera and 75% for the kit, indicating that a negative IFA test with Barts' antisera is a reliable index of the absence of the B fragilis group of organisms from clinical specimens. The implications for the use of this test in a routine laboratory are discussed.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1982

Antibiotic sensitivity testing of anaerobes.

Most of the methods devised for testing the antibiotic susceptibility of aerobes have been applied to anaerobes. In addition to the problems intrinsic to these methods, additional difficulties arise from anaerobiosis itself, from variability of carbon dioxide concentrations and pH, from problems in preparation and definition of inoculum, from the rich media required for growth by some fastidious anaerobes, and from the lack of suitable control microorganisms of known sensitivity. Among the procedures described, MIC determination on solid media is suitable for research and for use as a standard, and MIC in liquid media for routine use but disc tests are of limited usefulness. Changes in hitherto relatively stable patterns of susceptibility among anaerobes may well necessitate an increase of sensitivity testing in diagnostic laboratories.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1981

Microbiology of pyogenic liver abscess.

Sixteen patients with pyogenic liver abscesses were studied over 10 years to discover the causative organisms of the condition. Pus was subjected to Gram-negative smear or gas-liquid chromatography to detect volatile acids characteristic of anaerobes and then cultured. All isolates were identified by conventional methods and tested for sensitivity to appropriate antimicrobial agents. Bacteria were grown from the liver abscesses in all 16 patients. Streptococcus milleri Lancefield group F was the commonest organism isolated from the pyogenic liver abscesses, being found in 13 patients. If Strep milleri is isolated care should be taken not to mistake it for an anaerobe, and finding the organism in the blood should alert the clinician to the possible presence of a liver abscesses.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Anaerobic paronychia.

During 1 year 116 patients with paronychia had bacteriological cultures of the pus. Aerobic bacteria, predominantly Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 81. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 35, and in 31 of these aerobes were also present. Anaerobic paronychias were less acute that those caused by aerobes but otherwise the clinical features and management were the same. The anaerobes isolated were those found as oro-pharyngeal commensals and did not include the colonic commensal Bacteroides fragilis. They were, with few exceptions, sensitive to penicillin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Aspects of the plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance and epidemiology of Klebsiella species.

In an international collection of 108 epidemiologically distinct strains of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiellae, extensive plasmid-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance was found in 80.6 percent of strains. In vivo conjugation was recognized in eight patients within two years in one hospital, and identical plasmids were found in different serotypes from hospitals in West Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and Australia. Of 45 patients who were infected or colonized with gentamicin-resistant Klebsiellae, 26 had positive skin sites and of these, six had negative clinical specimens and served as a "hidden" reservoir of strains which provide a source for the contamination of nurses' hands and sustain nosocomial outbreaks. It is suggested that the few agents effective against gentamicin-resistant Klebsiellae, such as amikacin and cefuroxime, should be reserved; that gentamicin-resistant strains are selectively favored by the use of agents other than gentamicin which are more widely prescribed; and that more careful identification of skin carriers and attention to staff handwashing will control the spread of such strains and their plasmids.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗