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Biomedical subjects

I Kabir

Publications and source records attributed to I Kabir.

52 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Bacterial overgrowth by indigenous microflora in the phytohemagglutinin-fed rat.

Phytohemagglutinin lectin (PHA) derived from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) causes bacterial and protozoal colonization of the rat small intestine. To provide additional insights into this phenomenon we have studied the time course and population dynamics of microbial colonization of the major aerobe--facultative anaerobe groups which characterize this microflora. Compared with controls, PHA caused proliferation of a consistent adherent microbial flora in the jejunum (P less than 0.01). The predominant bacteria identified were Escherichia coli. a Streptococcal sp., and Lactobacillus. Escherichia coli isolates expressed no predominant serotype or fimbriae; none elaborated heat-labile or heat-stable toxin. Both E. coli and Streptococcal sp. populations increased within 24 h of PHA feeding and were sustained during further exposure to PHA (P less than 0.05). On reversion to a control diet, coliform counts fell progressively within 24-48 h and continued to decline, whereas gram-positive rod and coccus flora became the more prominent colonizers through days 1 to 4 of the reversion.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Differential clinical features and stool findings in shigellosis and amoebic dysentery.

To obtain information that could assist the clinician to differentiate between shigellosis and amoebic dysentery, we compared clinical features and stool findings in 58 adult male patients in Bangladesh. Mean values indicated that patients with invasive amoebiasis were older and had a longer prehospital illness, a lower body weight, less frequent fever, a lower haematocrit and a higher white blood cell count than patients with shigellosis. The mean number of faecal leucocytes per mm3 was significantly higher in shigellosis than in amoebiasis (28,700 vs 10,300) and correlated with the estimated number of faecal leucocytes per microscopic high power field in a wet mount preparation. Patients with shigellosis more often had over 50 white blood cells per high power field. Although the mean stool pH in amoebiasis was lower than in shigellosis (6.26 vs 6.60), the difference was not statistically significant. Concentrations of stool electrolytes did not differ between the two diseases. These findings indicate that age, duration of illness, the presence of fever and the number of faecal leucocytes may help to differentiate between shigellosis and amoebic dysentery.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Colonic dysfunction during cholera infection.

To study the function of the colon in cholera, 12 patients with acute cholera diarrhea were subjected to measurements of ileocecal flow rates, fecal flow rates, and ionic compositions of stool and ileocecal fluid. Subtraction of fecal flow rates from ileocecal flow rates was taken as a measure of net fluid absorption by the colon. Additionally, these patients underwent colonoscopic perfusion of the colon that measured net colonic absorption rates of water and ions. The mean ileocecal flow rate was 7.9 ml/min compared with a mean fecal flow rate of 7.6 ml/min, indicating a small mean net fluid absorption by the colon of +0.30 ml/min. By colonoscopic perfusion, 6 patients showed net colonic absorption of water and 6 patients net secretion of water with a slight mean net fluid secretion of -0.03 ml/min. The handling of ions by the colon showed mean net absorption of sodium (100 mu Eq/min) and chloride (127 mu Eq/min), and net secretions of potassium (-42 mu Eq/min) and bicarbonate (-112 mu Eq/min). During convalescence, 5 patients who were studied again all showed net colonic absorption of water, and the handling of potassium changed significantly from net secretion in acute disease to net absorption (p less than 0.05). These results showed that the colon contributes to the clinical expression of cholera by failing to absorb water normally, and by secreting potassium at high rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Colonic dysfunction during shigellosis.

To study the pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea, we evaluated 11 patients for colonic fluid and electrolyte flux. Methods used were subtraction of the fecal flow rate from the ileocecal flow rate and colonoscopic perfusion of the colon. The mean ileocecal flow rate was 0.57 ml/min compared with a mean fecal flow rate of 0.48 ml/min, and the mean of the differences showed a slight net colonic water absorption of +0.09 ml/min. With use of perfusion, these patients showed an overall mean of slight net fluid secretion by the colon of -0.04 ml/min. Seven patients restudied during convalescence showed a mean net rate of colonic water absorption of +0.65 ml/min, which was significantly greater than in the acute phase (P less than .05), and a mean ileocecal flow rate of 0.56 ml/min. Ion transport by the colon during acute shigellosis showed net secretion of K+, which changed to net absorption in convalescence (P less than .05), and a decreased absorption of Cl-, which improved in convalescence (P less than .05). Patients with extensive colitis showed more impairment of net water absorption by the colon than did patients with colitis limited to the rectosigmoid colon. These findings demonstrate that shigella diarrhea results from colonic dysfunction, without evidence of increased small intestinal flow rate, and this colonic dysfunction consists of diminished net absorption of water and Cl- and increased secretion of K+.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Comparative efficacies of single intravenous doses of ceftriaxone and ampicillin for shigellosis in a placebo-controlled trial.

To evaluate ceftriaxone for the treatment of shigellosis, 94 adult males with acute dysentery were randomly assigned to receive ceftriaxone (1 g), ampicillin (4 g), or saline placebo intravenously in single doses in a double-blind design. Stool cultures were positive for Shigella dysenteriae in 52 patients, S. flexneri in 38 patients, and other species in 4 patients. Both ceftriaxone and ampicillin caused reductions in the mean duration of fever and the means of daily stool frequency 2 to 4 days after therapy versus placebo (P less than 0.05). The ability of ceftriaxone to reduce stool frequency during 6 days after treatment was significant in patients with S. flexneri infections (P less than 0.05), whereas S. dysenteriae infections were relatively refractory to improvement by both antibiotics. Neither drug had a significant effect on overall duration of diarrhea, blood in stool, or tenesmus. Ampicillin reduced the mean duration of positive stool cultures after treatment from 2.6 days in the placebo group to 1.1 days (P less than 0.05), whereas ceftriaxone did not affect the duration of Shigella sp. excretion. These results indicate that single intravenous doses of ceftriaxone and ampicillin caused some clinical improvement in acute shigellosis but only ampicillin exerted a bacteriological effect on Shigella sp. excretion.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1985

The treatment of Fasciolopsis buski infection in children: a comparison of thiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate, hexylresorcinol and tetrachloroethylene.

Four relatively new broad spectrum anthelmintics (thiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole and pyrantel pamoate) were compared with two older anthelmintics, (tetrachloroethylene and hexylresorcinol) to treat heavy Fasciolopis buski infections in 17 children aged 4-13 years in hospital. Tetrachloroethylene was the most effective drug in these 17 children and another 49. Large numbers of worms were expelled and faecal egg counts were markedly reduced (99%). The mean number of worms per child was 122 with a range of 7 to 818. All the other anthelmintics tested were ineffective; no worms or only a few were expelled after treatment. However, the oral administration of tetrachloroethylene and hexylresorcinol were associated with severe anaphylactic reactions which were prevented by prior treatment with antihistamines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Shigella septicemia: prevalence, presentation, risk factors, and outcome.

The prevalence, presentation, and outcome of bacteremia due to Shigella and other gram-negative bacteria were determined by review of records of 2,018 inpatients with shigellosis who had their blood cultured in a Bangladeshi hospital in 1976-1983. Shigella bacteremia occurred in 82 (4.1%) patients; other bacteremia occurred in 102 (5.1%) patients. Patients with shigella sepsis more frequently (P less than .02) manifested severe dehydration, abdominal tenderness or ileus, agitation or lethargy, and leukocytosis than did nonbacteremic controls; they developed more frequently (P less than .05) renal failure (26%), leukemoid reaction (22%), thrombocytopenia (20%), and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (6%). The prevalence of all bacteremia was highest in the first year of life. Protein-energy malnutrition was a strong risk factor for shigella sepsis (P less than .01). The fatality rate in shigella bacteremia (21%) was higher (P less than .005) than in nonbacteremic shigellosis (10%) but lower (P less than .001) than in other bacteremia (51%). At highest risk of death from shigella bacteremia (P less than .01) were patients less than one year old, non-breast-fed, malnourished, and afebrile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

An animal model of haemolytic--uraemic syndrome in shigellosis: lipopolysaccharides of Shigella dysenteriae I and S. flexneri produce leucocyte-mediated renal cortical necrosis in rabbits.

To develop an animal model of the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome during shigellosis, rabbits were injected with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted by the hot phenol-water method from Shigella dysenteriae I and from S. flexneri. Two intravenous injections of LPS spaced by 24 h elicited renal cortical necrosis in a generalized Shwartzman reaction characterized by fibrin deposition in glomerular capillaries and by elevated plasma creatinine concentration. Rabbits rendered leucopenic by busulphan treatment were protected against renal cortical necrosis after injection with LPS derived from S. dysenteriae I. Both LPS preparations derived from Shigella species were also active in producing fever in rabbits, death in rabbits, and gelation of limulus lysate with approximately the same potency as a standard LPS of E. coli 055:B5. These results demonstrated that the LPS of Shigella species given intravenously to rabbits produces renal cortical necrosis, which is caused by leucocyte-mediated intravascular fibrin deposition in renal blood vessels and which resembles histologically the renal lesion in the haemolytic-uraemic during shigellosis in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Distribution and spread of colonic lesions in shigellosis: a colonoscopic study.

In a study of the distribution and severity of colonic lesions in patients with shigellosis, colonoscopy was performed for 33 men with this disease. All 33 patients had inflammatory lesions in the rectosigmoid area; in 18 (55%) the lesions extended to the splenic flexure, in 14 (42%) the disease extended to the distal transverse colon, in nine (27%) the area of involvement included the proximal transverse colon, and in five (15%) pancolitis was evident. In most patients lesions were continuous and diffuse, with the intensity of inflammation decreasing in a proximal direction. Biopsied samples from proximal lesions usually showed less severe inflammation than did those from more distal lesions. Aphthoid erosions, which have not previously been described in shigellosis, were observed in five patients. Proximal colitis was associated with diarrhea of four or more days' duration (P less than .01, Fisher's exact test). These findings indicate that the rectosigmoid is the most frequently and most severely affected area of the colon in shigellosis and suggest that during the course of shigella infection, colonic lesions extend in a proximal direction.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Comparative efficacies of pivmecillinam and ampicillin in acute shigellosis.

The clinical efficacies of pivmecillinam and ampicillin were compared in a randomized double-blind trial in the treatment of acute shigellosis. Of 44 adult male patients, all culture positive for Shigella strains, 22 patients received 400 mg of pivmecillinam and 22 patients received 500 mg of ampicillin every 6 h. Both drugs were administered orally for 5 days. Four patients receiving ampicillin were infected with Shigella strains that were resistant to ampicillin but susceptible to pivmecillinam, and two patients receiving pivmecillinam were infected with Shigella strains resistant to both ampicillin and pivmecillinam. The mean duration of diarrhea in all patients receiving pivmecillinam was 3.3 days compared with 4.5 days in patients receiving ampicillin (P less than 0.05). When patients infected with the resistant strains were excluded, the mean duration of diarrhea in patients receiving pivmecillinam was 3.2 days compared with 4.1 days in patients receiving ampicillin. The patients infected with strains susceptible to both antibiotics had mean durations of fecal excretion of Shigella strains of 1.2 days for those treated with pivmecillinam and 1.4 days for those treated with ampicillin. The patients infected with organisms resistant to both drugs had longer durations of diarrhea and fecal excretion of Shigella strains. The results suggest that pivmecillinam is as effective as ampicillin and can be a useful drug for the treatment of shigellosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of morbidity and mortality in typhoid fever dependent on age and gender: review of 552 hospitalized patients with diarrhea.

Features of typhoid fever were correlated with age and gender through a review of the charts of 552 hospitalized culture-positive patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh. Seizures occurred more frequently in children from birth through 10 years of age (5%-11%) and pneumonia more frequently in children from birth through 5 years of age (8%-15%) than in older age groups (P less than .05), whereas intestinal perforation occurred more frequently in patients greater than or equal to 11 years of age (5%-25%) than in younger age groups (P less than .005). Compared with older age groups, children from birth through 10 years of age were more anemic, those from birth through 5 years of age had a higher mean white blood cell count, and those from birth through 1 year of age had a lower mean blood carbon dioxide content (all P less than .05). Female patients were more severely anemic than male patients (P less than .05). The case-fatality rate was 4.3% overall, with the highest rates for children from birth through 1 year of age (11%) and adults greater than or equal to 31 years of age (10%). Female patients had a higher case-fatality rate (6%) than male patients (3%), although the difference was not significant (P greater than .05). Death was independently associated with seizures, intestinal perforation, pneumonia, and delirium or coma. These results indicated that the patients with typhoid fever who were at highest risk of complications and death were children from birth through 1 year of age and adults greater than or equal to 31 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional and immunisation status, weaning practices and socio-economic conditions of under five children in three villages of Bangladesh.

A total of 479 children aged 6-60 months (male/female, 240/239) were studies during 1991 to 1992. Weight for age, height for age (mean +/- SD) were 72 +/- 11%, 90 +/- 7 and 87 +/- 10% of NCHS median respectively. According to Gomez classification, 96% of children had varying degrees of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) (28.4% mild, 58.2% moderate and 9.2% severe). According to Waterlow classification 84% were stunted(36% mild, 33% moderate and 15% severe) and 67% were wasted (47% mild, 18% moderate and 2% severe). Of all children 368 (77%) received BCG and 439 (82%) received partial or full dose of DPT and Polio vaccines. Among children aged 13-60 months 75% received Measles vaccine. Weaning food was started at (mean +/- SD) 8 +/- 4 months. Low household income, parental illiteracy, small family size (< or = 6), early or late weaning and absence of BCG vaccination were significantly associated with severe PEM. Timely weaning, education and promotion of essential vaccination may reduce childhood malnutrition especially severe PEM.

Anthropometry↗