Tear osmolarity variation in the dry eye.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
I D Mandel
Publications and source records attributed to I D Mandel.
Lipids of developing dental plaque in caries-resistant and caries-susceptible adult people.
Dental plaque maturation in both caries-resistant (CR) and caries-susceptible (CS) subjects was accompanied by a decrease in total lipid content but was more pronounced with CR subjects; their plaque after 72 h contained 44.6 per cent less lipids than that of CS. At each stage of maturation, differences were also found in the proportion of lipid classes. In 24 h-plaque, the lipids of CR-group, although containing amounts of glycolipids and phospholipids similar to those of CS, contained 1.6 times less neutral lipids. The 48 h-plaque of CS subjects showed 2.5 times more neutral lipids, 1.2 times more phospholipids and 1.4 times less glycolipids. The 72 h-CR plaque contained 1.9 times less neutral lipids, 1.6 times more glycolipids and 1.3 times more phospholipids than CS-plaque. Among the neutral lipids in both groups, the changes with maturation were associated with decrease in free fatty acids and increase in triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. Phospholipids of CR-plaque contained less phosphatidylcholine and more phosphatidylethanolamine than CS-plaque. With plaque maturation both groups showed decreases in the glycolipids characteristic of saliva and an increase in the content of bacterial type of glycolipids. Plaque maturation is evidently accompanied by dynamic changes in lipids reflecting a shift from salivary to bacterial contribution.
Adult↗
Cytomegalovirus presence and salivary composition in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Parotid and whole saliva was collected from nine patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and nine controls. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was cultured from both salivary samples in six of the AIDS patients but was not present in any of the controls. In the AIDS samples parotid sodium (p less than 0.05), IgG (p less than 0.01), and albumin (p less than 0.05) were higher than in control samples. Parotid potassium (p less than 0.05) and total protein (p less than 0.05) were lower than control values, whereas flow rate, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA, and IgM levels were similar in both sets of samples. AIDS does not appear to affect secretory IgA levels. Sodium (p less than 0.01) and IgA (p less than 0.05) were higher in the whole saliva of AIDS patients. Serum IgG, IgM (p less than 0.01), and IgA (p less than 0.05) were also elevated when compared with the controls. The prevalence of CMV in parotid and whole saliva of AIDS patients is consistent with the known susceptibility of this group to adventitious infection and the predilection of this virus for the salivary glands. The changes in salivary composition suggest a low level of inflammation, which occurs independently of the virus.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Lipid composition of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) saliva.
The content and composition of lipids in saliva of healthy caries-free squirrel monkeys were investigated. The dialyzed and lyophilized saliva on extraction with chloroform/methanol yielded 8.0 +/- 0.9 mg of lipids/100 ml of saliva. Following fractionation on silicic acid column, 30.9% of lipids were found in the neutral lipid fraction, 58.8% in the glycolipid fraction, and 10.3% in the phospholipid fraction. The neutral lipids exhibited high content of free fatty acids (58.8%) and triglycerides (23.3%), the glycolipids consisted mainly of neutral and sulfated glyceroglucolipids (95%), while the phospholipids were rich in sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine. The results show that squirrel monkey saliva, while displaying lipid content similar to that of caries-susceptible humans, contains 50% less lipids than saliva of periodontal disease-prone marmoset.
Animals↗
The effect of rinsing with Listerine antiseptic on the properties of developing dental plaque.
Plaque was collected from a group of volunteers who used either Listerine antiseptic (LA), its vehicle control (V), or a water control (C) twice daily in addition to their normal toothbrushing in a double-blind controlled clinical experiment. Following the 9-month clinical study, plaque collected from the supragingival surfaces of 20 teeth from each of 78 subjects was weighed wet, freeze dried, reweighed, resuspended, sonicated and estimated for protein. In addition, endotoxin activity was evaluated by means of the limulus lysate assay. A 52.6% reduction in wet weight was found LA versus C (p = 0.04); LA versus V showed a 55.1% reduction (p = 0.03). A 59.0% reduction in dry weight was found LA versus C (p = 0.01); LA versus V showed a 59.6% reduction (p = 0.01). A 59.7% reduction in plaque protein was seen LA versus C (p = 0.01); LA versus V showed a 59.2% decrease (p = 0.02). A 75.8% reduction in limulus lysate activity was found LA versus C (p = 0.01); LA versus V showed a decrease of 77.9% (p = 0.01). Our results demonstrate that LA has a dramatic effect on plaque toxic activity, as measured by a decrease in limulus lysate assay, as well as on its biomass.
Adult↗
Polyamines of dental plaque in caries-resistant vs. caries-susceptible adults.
Utilizing a sensitive liquid chromatographic system, polyamines were quantitated in three-day plaque from 13 caries-resistant (CR) and 35 caries-susceptible (CS) adults after they had fasted for 12 hours. The values for putrescine and cadaverine were significantly higher in the CR group. This may be attributed to a greater availability of salivary substrate precursors of polyamines and/or higher levels of biosynthetic decarboxylase activities in the CR subjects, or both.
Adult↗
Changing patterns of dental caries.
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Adolescent↗
The Columbia Center for Clinical Research. Helping to shape the future.
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Dentistry↗
Immunochemical study of host proteins in human supragingival compared with denture plaque.
The contribution of proteins from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to plaque was determined by comparing extracts of supragingival plaque of unknown age formed on normal teeth with plaque formed on artificial teeth in complete or partial dentures where crevicular fluid is absent. There was a total absence of albumin and a virtual absence of IgG from denture plaque samples, confirming their crevicular origin. The concentration of lactoferrin was much higher than that of lysozyme in all supragingival but not in the denture plaque samples, suggesting that GCF provided more lactoferrin than lysozyme to plaque. Amylase was a component in both denture and supragingival plaque, present in similar amounts in both deposits. Cysteine-containing phosphoproteins from saliva were in low concentration but present in all plaque samples; proline-rich proteins were virtually absent, reflecting the high vulnerability to proteolysis of these proteins. Salivary proteins in plaque extracts do not correspond with their relative concentrations in saliva.
Adult↗
Host proteins in dental plaques of caries-resistant versus caries-susceptible human groups.
The level of host proteins in 3-day supragingival plaque extracts was compared in caries-resistant (CR) and caries-susceptible (CS) adults with little or no gingival inflammation to minimize the contribution of gingival crevicular fluid ( GCF ). Except for IgA, all the host proteins examined were present at similar levels in both groups of subjects. Although the IgA exhibited fragmentation on sodium dodecylsulphate gradient-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transfer electrophoresis in both groups, the amount of binding to a standard antisecretory IgA antiserum was higher in CR than in CS subjects. This could be a reflection of the trend towards a higher concentration of IgA in saliva of CR subjects or the result of less proteolytic activity in CR plaque. Even in 3-day plaque in the absence of gingival inflammation, GCF contributes a significant share of the host proteins to plaque extracts. Salivary proteins in plaque do not parallel their relative concentration in saliva.
Adult↗
Clinical utilization of sialochemistry in Sjögren's syndrome.
Sialochemistry was performed on the stimulated parotid secretion of a group of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) having a Grade 4 lymphocytic infiltrate of their minor labial salivary glands and a normal control group. Parameters examined included flow rate, and concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, calcium, phosphate, total protein, IgA, IgG. albumin, amylase and lactoferrin. Although all SS patients had virtually no parotid secretion in the absence of stimulation, with a gustatory stimulation, 40% of the patients with SS had a relatively normal parotid flow rate, when compared with the control group. The SS patients, regardless of flow rate, exhibited a highly significant (p less than 0.01) elevation in the concentration of sodium, chloride, IgA, IgG, and lactoferrin and a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in albumin concentration, when compared with the control group. The phosphate level was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in SS patients than in the control group. The elevated IgA in SS was almost all 11S, in contrast to parotitis where 7S was a major contributor. In view of the variation in flow rate in SS patients chemical quantitation of selected salivary components can be a valuable aid in the differential diagnosis of this disease and in monitoring patients over time.
Adult↗
Lipid composition of marmoset saliva.
The lipid content and composition of marmoset saliva was investigated. Extraction of the dialyzed and lyophilized saliva with chloroform/methanol yielded 15.6 +/- 3.1 mg of lipids/100 ml of saliva. Of the total lipids, 41.7% were represented by neutral lipids, 50.7% by glycolipids and 7.6% by phospholipids. Neutral lipids had a high content of free fatty acids (67.0%), cholesterol and its esters (20.0%) and triglycerides (11.8%). The glycolipid fraction was comprised of simple glycosphingolipids (13.2%), and of neutral and sulfated glyceroglucolipids (86.8%), whereas sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine accounted for 63.6% of the total phospholipids. The results indicate that marmoset saliva, in comparison to that of human, contains twice as much of total lipids and exhibits an elevated level of phospholipids, and glycolipids.
Animals↗
Medical management of non-neoplastic salivary gland disease.
Non-neoplastic salivary gland disorders are increasing as a result of many factors. The role of salivary secretion in providing protection to the oral and pharyngeal tissues is discussed along with the diagnosis and treatment of some of the more common non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
The effect of collection technique on tear composition.
Selected proteins were quantitated after collecting samples of the tears by using two sampling techniques. Tears from the same individual were collected via absorption by Schirmer filter paper strip from the unanesthetized, inferior, conjunctival sac and were compared with tears collected by a capillary tube (taking care not to touch the conjunctiva), after stimulation of tearing by irritation of the nasal mucosa with ammonia vapor. Tear samples were quantitated immunochemically for two typical lacrimal proteins, lysozyme and lactoferrin, and three typical serum proteins, albumin, transferrin, and IgG. Tear analysis of all constituents were performed on a single sample of tears collected by each method from the same individual. Normal subjects without ocular pain or discomfort comprised a sample of 12 subjects ranging in age from 19 to 57 years and consisting of 9 men and 3 women. Concentrations of lysozyme and lactoferrin in samples collected by either method were not significantly different. In contrast, the concentration of albumin, IgG and transferrin collected by Schirmer filter paper technique was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than the concentration in tears collected by the capillary tube technique. A highly significant increase in serum proteins was seen when the Schirmer filter paper strip was used to collect tears compared to tears collected without mechanical stimulation of the conjunctiva.
Adult↗
Phospholipids associated with human parotid gland sialoliths.
Ca-acidic phospholipid-phosphate complexes (CPLX) were isolated from 6 whole and 2 pooled human parotid sialoliths containing the mineral phases hydroxyapatite, whitlockite and octacalcium phosphate (ash 78 +/- 16 per cent, n = 7). Total lipids accounted for 25 per cent of the demineralized dry weight of these sialoliths. CPLX was 39 +/- 18 per cent of the lipid phosphorous pool, while diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline were the principal non-complexed phospholipids. The high cholesterol:phospholipid molar ratio (1.0 +/- 0.3) observed in the sialolith lipids suggests a plasma membrane origin for these lipids.
Humans↗
Lipid composition of human labial salivary gland secretions.
Extraction of the dialysed and lyophilized labial saliva with chloroform/methanol yielded 423.8 +/- 73.0 micrograms of lipids/ml of saliva, a level 4-5 times higher than in the major salivary glands. Of the total lipids, 32.4 per cent were represented by neutral lipids, 44.6 per cent by glycolipids and 23.0 per cent by phospholipids. Neutral lipids had a high content of free fatty acids (43.8 per cent), cholesteryl esters (26.9 per cent) and triglycerides (15.4 per cent). The glycolipids consisted mainly of neutral (74.6 per cent) and sulphated (25.4 per cent) glyceroglucolipids, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine accounted for 54.7 per cent of the total phospholipids.
Adult↗
Association of lipids with proteins and glycoproteins in human saliva.
The distribution of lipids in the fractions of parotid and submandibular saliva following Bio-Gel A-50 column chromatography was measured. Over 50% of the total lipids of submandibular saliva was found in the fraction which contained mainly the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein. This fraction also contained most of the glycolipids, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol. In the parotid saliva, the fraction containing the basic glycoprotein (the major glycoprotein fraction of parotid saliva) contained 35% of the total saliva lipids and was enriched in phospholipids ana cholesterol esters.
Adult↗
A comparative study of salivary lysozyme in caries-resistant and caries-susceptible adults.
Lysozyme concentration was quantitated immunochemically in parotid and submandibular-sublingual saliva of 46 caries-resistant and 17 caries-susceptible adults. There was essentially no difference between the two groups. The concentration of lysozyme was three times higher in the submandibular-sublingual than in the parotid secretion, and was significantly higher in unstimulated submandibular saliva than in secretions stimulated with 1, 2, or 4% citric acid. There were no significant differences in flow rate between caries-resistant and -susceptible subjects. Salivary lysozyme concentration is not a critical determinant of resistance or susceptibility to caries.
Adult↗