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Biomedical subjects

H S Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to H S Cooper.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Peanut lectin binding sites in colons of patients with ulcerative colitis.

We studied peanut lectin (PNA) binding sites in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) with various degrees of disease activity and dysplasia. Peanut lectin binds to B-D-galactose (1-3) N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, which is the purported determinant for the T-blood-group antigen and the immediate precursor of the MN-blood-group glycoprotein. In the normal colon, PNA binds to the supranuclear (SN) portion of goblet and columnar cells, representing nascent glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus prior to the addition of terminal sialic acid. In severely active UC, PNA binds to the glycocalyx and/or apical portion of columnar cells, crypt goblet cells, and the total cytoplasm of "regenerating or hyperplastic" epithelium. These patterns have been previously reported in colonic cancers, adenomas, and fetal colons, indicating the synthesis of incomplete glycoproteins. Cases of inactive UC and mildly active UC expressed PNA binding in an SN distribution similar to controls. Cases with dysplasia showed PNA binding patterns similar to colonic neoplasms. In UC, the perturbation of cell kinetics similar to colonic neoplasms and the more rapid cell migration and turnover may be reflected as synthesis of incomplete glycoproteins, as expressed by abnormal PNA binding patterns. These findings indicate that the epithelial cells in patients with severely active UC synthesize incomplete glycoproteins similar to colonic neoplasms; however, this abnormal glycoprotein pattern is reversible when inflammation is more quiescent.

Arachis↗
PubMed1986

Carcinoids: the prognostic effect of primary site histologic type variations.

Carcinoids are histologically classified as insular (A), trabecular (B) glandular (C), undifferentiated (D) or mixed. These have prognostic significance, i.e. Group 1 (most favorable, A + C); 2 (favorable, A, B, A + B); 3 (relatively unfavorable, all non A + C or A + B mixed types); and 4 (unfavorable, C, D). Midgut primaries have a better prognosis than either foregut or hindgut/cloacal primaries. Carcinoids from 114 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group patients were studied to determine if primary site prognostic differences result from histologic prognostic group occurrence rate differences across primary sites. By primary site the following rates were observed: Foregut: 1 (0%), 2 (79.2%), 3 (12.5%), 4 (8.3%); midgut: 1 (26.7%), 2 (58.7%), 3 (6.6%), 4 (8.0%); hindgut/cloaca: 1 (0%), 2 (42.9%), 3 (42.9%), 4 (14.2%); nongut: 1 (0%), 2 (75.0%), 3 (12.5%), 4 (12.5%), p less than 0.01. The results demonstrate that primary site prognostic differences are highly dependent upon histologic prognostic group occurrence rate variations across primary sites. In addition multivariate analysis of survivorship by both histologic type (p less than 0.05) and primary site (p less than 0.05) demonstrated that each variable has independent prognostic significance.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Gallbladder adenocarcinoma: prognostic significance of tumor acid mucopolysaccharide content.

The gall bladder mucosa is composed of neutral mucopolysaccharide and protein radical containing secretory cells, protein radical containing migratory cells, and neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides plus sialic acid containing goblet cells. The prognostic significance of histologic or histochemical parameters in gall bladder adenocarcinoma (GBA) are unknown. To determine if histochemical acid mucopolysaccharide content in GBA has prognostic value, GBA histologic sections from 26 advanced stage disease patients participating in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) treatment study EST-2273 were stained with alcian blue at pH. 1.0, assessed by a pathology panel for either high (greater than 50%) or low (less than 50%) acid mucopolysaccharide content, and correlated with patient survival. Initial panel unanimous concurrence rate on acid mucopolysaccharide content was 88.9%. Median survival times from the start of chemotherapy to date of death for high acid mucopolysaccharide content GBA was 14 weeks versus five weeks for the low content GBA (P less than 0.0001). The results indicate that high acid mucopolysaccharide content in GBA significantly improves prognosis. ECOG recommends stratification by acid mucopolysaccharide content in future GBA treatment investigations.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

Sonography of diffuse benign liver disease: accuracy of pattern recognition and grading.

Sonograms of 110 patients were compared to recently performed liver biopsies for evaluation of the accuracy of sonography in predicting the type (pattern) of pathology and its grade of severity (mild, moderate, or severe) in a wide variety of diffuse liver processes. There are two distinct, abnormal sonographic patterns: the fatty-fibrotic pattern seen primarily with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and/or fatty infiltration, and the centrilobular pattern seen primarily with acute hepatitis. Sonography was 88% accurate in assigning the correct pattern to the corresponding pathology (sensitivity 89%, specificity 86%, p less than 0.001). The degree of accuracy was dependent on the grade of pathologic severity, with mild disease offering the greatest difficulty; moderate and severe diseases were accurately detected and placed in the correct pattern in all cases. Sonographic grading of the severity of disease was far less precise (63% overall). This study showed that sonography can distinguish between two abnormal sonographic patterns of diffuse benign liver disease as well as between normal and abnormal patterns.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1986

Peanut lectin binding sites in human fetal colon.

We studied peanut lectin (PNA) binding sites in human fetal colons (9 to 19 weeks' gestational age). Peanut lectin has a specificity for beta-D-galactose(1--3)N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (beta-D-Gal [1----3]-D-GalNac) that is the purported determinant for the T-blood-group antigen (TAg) and a precursor of MN-blood-group substance, lacking only in a terminal sialic acid. In the normal adult human colon, PNA fails to bind to the actual goblet theca but does have binding sites localized to the supranuclear portion of both columnar and goblet cells. This represents the detection of nascent oligosaccharides prior to addition of terminal sialic acid. Neuraminidase treatment of adult colons localized PNA to the goblet theca itself and to the apical and/or glycocalyx region of columnar cells. Fetal colons localized PNA to the region of the glycocalyx of columnar cells while the goblet theca itself failed to express PNA binding sites. After treatment of fetal colon sections with neuraminidase, PNA binding was noted in the goblet theca itself. Goblet cells of the human fetal colon exhibit a PNA binding pattern somewhat similar to adult goblets; however, fetal columnar cells have a PNA binding pattern as reported in colonic adenocarcinomas. This pattern of complete and incomplete synthesis of MN-blood-group substances in goblet and columnar cells, respectively, has also been demonstrated in adenomas of the human colon.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Cytomegalovirus infection of the colon: a possible role in exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease.

An exacerbation of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease associated with the appearance of cytomegalovirus nuclear inclusion bodies in the colon was observed in two patients. In one, improvement in the colitis after withdrawal of corticosteroids suggested cytomegalovirus as the cause of the exacerbation. A review of the 16 reported cases of inflammatory bowel disease with cytomegalovirus superinfection of the colon indicates a high mortality rate (seven of 16), a frequent association with toxic dilatation of the colon, and a clinical course sufficiently severe to require colectomy in 10 of 16 patients. For exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease associated with evidence of cytomegalovirus infection of the colon which are refractory to medical management withdrawal of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapy should be considered. If necessary, early colectomy may be an appropriate alternative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Peanut lectin binding sites in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Peanut lectin (PNA) binds to D Gal B (1-3) D Gal NAc which is the purported antigenic determinant of the so-called T blood group antigen (TAg). We used PNA in an indirect immunofluorescent technique to study TAg in transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder (TCC). All 14 control tissues failed to express TAg, whereas all controls (100%) expressed TAg on the cell membrane after prior treatment with neuraminidase. Sixty-nine percent of Stage O TCC expressed TAg, whereas 100% of cases expressed TAg after treatment with neuraminidase. Staining patterns noted were: granular intracytoplasmic, intracytoplasmic globular, and membrane. There was no correlation between TAg positivity or negativity and subsequent muscle wall invasion in the Stage O TCC group. Fifty percent of Stage B or greater TCC expressed TAg, whereas 27 of 30 (90%) cases expressed TAg after neuraminidase treatment. TAg-staining patterns noted in Stage B tumors were: membrane, granular intracytoplasmic, intracytoplasmic globular, and glycocalyx. Only 47% of Grade III TCC expressed TAg compared with 72% of low-grade TCC. The authors conclude that the expression of TAg reflects the neoplastic transformation of bladder epithelium. The data also suggest that in TCC, TAg positivity is most likely due to incomplete synthesis of MN blood group glycoprotein, as evidenced by loss of a terminal sialic acid, and that there is also evidence of cytostructural "relocalization" of TAg.

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate↗
PubMed1984

Decrease in rabbit bladder mucosal glycoprotein after oophorectomy.

Hormonal manipulation has been shown to result in less efficient bladder clearance of bacteria. We describe the use of a double antibody technique to semiquantitatively demonstrate the diminution of bladder glycoproteins from the transitional epithelium in oophorectomized rabbits. Rabbit bladder glycoprotein was isolated and used to immunize Swiss-Webster mice. Bladders of normal and oophorectomized rabbits were sequentially stained with mouse antirabbit sera and fluoresceinated goat antimouse antibody. A significant loss of bladder epithelial glycoprotein was evident in oophorectomized rabbits as compared to controls. This study, utilizing a semiquantitative immunologic staining technique, suggests an intact glycoprotein layer is important in the bladder defense mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Carcinoids: the association of histologic growth pattern and survival.

There are five generally accepted carcinoid histologic growth patterns, i.e., insular, trabecular, glandular, undifferentiated, and mixed. To determine their possible prognostic significance, a panel of pathologists studied the growth patterns of 138 carcinoids collected from an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group carcinoid advanced stage disease chemotherapy investigation. Survival times were measured from date of initial pathologic diagnosis of carcinoid disease to date of either death or last follow-up. Significant differences were observed in survival times between the five major growth patterns (P less than 0.001). Within the mixed growth pattern group, significant differences in survival time were also observed (P approximately 0.05). In decreasing order of median survival time in years, the growth patterns ranked as follows: mixed insular plus glandular, 4.4; insular, 2.9; trabecular, 2.5; mixed insular plus trabecular, 2.3; three pooled low incidence rate mixed growth patterns, 1.4; glandular, 0.9; and undifferentiated, 0.5. Histologic growth patterns are recommended as a stratification factor in future studies of this disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Quantification of fluorescein distribution to strangulated rat ileum.

Following various periods of strangulation, the fates of intestinal segments were predicted by standard clinical criteria and visual (Wood's lamp) and fluorometric (perfusion fluorometer) assessment of fluorescein distribution. With fluorometry, a means of quantifying fluorescence transmitted via a fiberoptic light guide, the delivery and removal of fluorescein were monitored and analyzed. If either was restricted significantly, tissue death was predicted. Analysis of computerized graphic patterns or simple interpretation of fluorometric readings at two time points predicted tissue fate with 98% accuracy and a 93% negative predictive value. Wood's lamp evaluation had only a 53% accuracy and a 33% negative predictive value, while standard clinical criteria had an 81% accuracy and a 53% negative predictive value. Fluorescein leakage in segments which suffered significant endothelial damage provided staining patterns that incorrectly suggested viability. By monitoring elimination as well as uptake of dye, fluorometry provided much greater discrimination than did Wood's lamp inspection in this setting. In addition, fluorometry was readily repeatable within minutes, as fluorescence remaining from a previous injection could be subtracted from new, postinjection values.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Surgical pathology of endoscopically removed malignant polyps of the colon and rectum.

Fifty-six endoscopically removed malignant polyps of the colon and rectum were studied to assess criteria for adequacy of therapeutic polypectomy. Features examined were: 1) tumor grade; 2) lymphatic invasion; 3) tumor extent (head, stalk, margin); 4) sessile versus pedunculated; 5) size; and 6) type of background adenoma. Thirty-four patients underwent colon resection while the remaining 22 malignant polyps were followed for a mean of 4.5 years. Five (8.9%) malignant polyps metastasized to lymph nodes while three cases showed metachronous liver metastases. Pathologically, malignant polyps were grouped into 28 long stalk (LS), 21 short stalk (SS), and seven sessile types, with a lymph node metastatic rate of 0%, 19%, and 14%, respectively. Only one of six malignant polyps with lymphatic invasion had any lymph node metastases (16.5), while 66% of grade III cancers had lymph node metastases. In those 24 cases with tumor at or near the resection margin (17 SS and seven sessile cases), the incidence of lymph node metastases or local recurrence was 25%. The incidence of lymph node metastases or local recurrence was 0% among the 28 LS polyps and the four SS polyps with tumor limited to the head. Two of seven polypoid carcinomas (28.5%) metastasized; however, both had positive resection margins. There was no difference in size between metastasizing and nonmetastasizing malignant polyps. Of the 36 cases where histological criteria indicated polypectomy inadequate, the incidence of lymph node metastases or local recurrence was 17%. There were no metastases or recurrences where polypectomy was considered histologically adequate. LS polyps may be treated by polypectomy alone, except in those cases with grade III cancer, lymphatic invasion, or tumor at the resection margin. SS polyps with cancer limited to the head may be treated similarly to LS polyps, while all other SS polyps and sessile polyps should undergo resection postpolypectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Peanut lectin-binding sites in polyps of the colon and rectum. Adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, and adenomas with in situ carcinoma.

Peanut lectin (PNA) has a specificity for the disaccharide beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNac which is the purported antigenic determinant for the T blood group antigen (TAg). This TAg is considered the immediate precursor of the MN blood group substance. In normal colonic epithelium, PNA binds to the supranuclear (stalk) portion of epithelial cells. This corresponds to the detection of beta-DGal-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNac in nascent oligosaccharide chains in the Golgi cisternae prior to addition of terminal sialic acid. Colonic carcinomas bind PNA in the "region" of the glycocalyx or in the apical portion of the cell, which represents incomplete glycoprotein synthesis. Eighty-two percent of tubular adenomas, 80% of villous adenomas, and 91% of adenomas with in situ cancer expressed PNA in a supranuclear distribution, reminiscent of normal colonic epithelium. This stalk distribution was seen in goblet cells. Twenty-five percent of tubular adenomas, 43% of villous adenomas and 60% of adenomas with in situ cancer (adenoma portion) expressed PNA in an apical cytoplasmic and/or glycocalyx pattern among nonmucinous columnar cells. In 80% of the cases, the in situ cancer itself expressed PNA in an apical cytoplasmic and/or glycocalyx pattern. Fetal and most colon cancer cells fail to produce mucin goblets and make incomplete glycoproteins. The cytologic localization of TAg by PNA corresponds to the cells' ability to produce mucin goblets. Most adenomas consist of goblet cells, localize TAg to the stalk, and probably make complete MN glycoprotein as does normal colonic epithelium. However, in adenomas, nonmucinous columnar cells localize TAg to the apical cytoplasm and/or glycocalyx region and represent incomplete blood group glycoprotein synthesis.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1982

ABH isoantigens in stage O papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: correlation with biological behavior.

Forty patients with stage O papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were tested for the presence or absence of ABH blood group substances. Of 25 tumors with antigens 21 (84 per cent) remained stage O, with a mean followup of 13.3 years. Of 15 tumors devoid of blood group substances 11 (73.3 per cent) progressed to stage B or greater in a mean of 4.3 years. Patients without antigens whose tumor remained stage O were followed for a mean of 10 years. Two patients with initially positive tumors subsequently showed loss of antigens and invasion. In 7 of 8 patients the benign epithelium showed a greater concentration of blood group substances than did the corresponding tumor. The presence or absence of blood group substances can be used to predict the biological behavior of stage O transitional cell carcinoma.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1982

Comparison between the methods of indirect immunofluorescence and specific red cell adherence in detecting ABH iso-antigens in bladder carcinoma.

We compared the method of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) with that of specific red blood cell adherence (SRCA) for detecting ABH blood group substance (BGS) on stage O papillary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. In evaluating BGS "positivity" or "negativity" both methods gave identical results. The IIF is somewhat easier to perform and less subjective in interpretation while the SRCA method needs only a conventional light microscope and the slides themselves are permanent "records". In cases of questionable reactivity with the SRCA, the IIF was a helpful adjunct. The IIF method is a viable option to the SRCA method when studying TCC for BGS.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1982

Peanut lectin-binding sites in large bowel carcinoma.

Peanut lectin is known to bind to B-D-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNac which provides antigenic determination for the T (TAg) blood group antigen. We examined 33 rectosigmoid carcinomas and 15 corresponding controls for their ability to express peanut lectin-binding sites. In controls one could localize TAg to the supranuclear portion of the cell, however, in cancers one noticed a cytostructural relocalization of TAg with the following two major patterns: localization to the region of the glycocalyx and localization intracytoplasmically in the apical portion of the cell. These two patterns were associated with glandular differentiation. Less frequently noted or in association with the above was a mucin glob-like pattern and/or a fine diffuse intracytoplasmic pattern associated with solid, nonglandular areas. The more poorly differentiated cancers less frequently expressed peanut lectin-binding sites. Benign (nontransitional zone) epithelium in those patients whose tumor expressed TAg was negative for peanut lectin-binding sites in 66 per cent of the cases. Reduced tumoral glycosyltransferases may explain this increased synthesis of TAg in cancers as compared with controls, if one considers TAg to be an incomplete glycoprotein of the MN blood group system.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Captopril and the intestinal response to hemorrhagic shock.

In order to help clarify the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the evolution of the post-hemorrhagic circulatory shock syndrome, captopril, a potent inhibitor of the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, was infused into a hemorrhagic shock model in the cat. The hemorrhage protocol had arterial blood withdrawn until a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 40 mm Hg developed. Oligemia was maintained for a period of 2.5 hr, after which time, all remaining shed blood was reinfused and the cats observed for an additional 2 hr. Coincident with the large reduction in MABP, superior mesenteric artery flow (SMAF) was similarly reduced as recorded by a noncannulating electromagnetic flow probe fitted around the artery. Post-oligemic plasma activities of cathepsin D (CD) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were elevated 11-fold and 3-fold respectively; intestinal morphological damage was graded at 2.8 +/- 0.6 on a 0-4 scale of increasing severity (control: 0.03 +/- 0.02). Captopril was administered at an initial priming dose of 0.5 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 mg/kg/hr. Improved post-reinfusion maintenance of MABP and SMAF was noted. Plasma elevations in enzyme activity were more moderate: 8-fold for CD, 1.5-fold for AP. Intestinal morphologic damage was graded at 2.5 +/- 0.3. Blockade of angiotensin II formation by captopril thus demonstrated beneficial effects on post-oligemic hemodynamic status and on the degree of cellular enzyme release without significant improvement in intestinal morphology.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1981

Echogenicity: analysis, significance, and masking.

Echogenicity can be created by the admixture of any acoustically dissimilar substances. Experiments performed in vitro using mineral oil and water and in vivo examining 24 pathologically proven echogenic abnormalities show that echogenicity cannot be ascribed to a specific tissue, but rather is a property of all substances. In addition, when dissimilar histologic and pathologic substances have similar echo appearances and are adjacent, they become indistinguishable. This loss of structural definition can be termed the sonographic "masking sign," comparable in masking qualities to the established radiographic "silhouette sign." When this phenomenon occurs, an abnormality can be detected only through displacement of an organ or distortion of its internal anatomy. A thorough understanding of echogenicity and the sonographic masking sign will allow a more accurate evaluation of masses and infiltrating processes.

Humans↗