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Biomedical subjects

H Ojima

Publications and source records attributed to H Ojima.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effects of N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide (DM-9384) on learning and memory in rats.

Effects of N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide (DM-9384) on learning and memory were studied using four different experimental rat models. In electroconvulsive shock- or scopolamine-induced amnesia in the step-through passive avoidance task, DM-9384 improved both types of amnesia when administered before the training trial. Aniracetam also showed similar but somewhat weaker effects. Furthermore, in the scopolamine amnesia model, an improvement was confirmed with arecoline. The dose-response curves for these compounds were bell-shaped. In the shuttle box active avoidance task, DM-9384 administered daily 1 hr before each training session facilitated the acquisition process of the avoidance response. In addition, the experiment of light-dark discrimination task with positive reinforcement showed that this compound administered daily after each session slightly accelerated the acquisition process of the correct response. These results suggest an ability of DM-9384 to enhance cognitive functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Changes in choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and the number of immunoreactive fibers remaining after lesions to the magnocellular basal nucleus of rats.

Electrolytic and kainic acid lesions of the magnocellular basal nucleus of rats caused a homogeneous reduction in the density of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive fibers in the frontal and parietal cortices. ChAT immunoreactivity of the remaining fibers after unilateral lesions was increased ipsilaterally within the deafferentated areas. The number of intact immunoreactive fibers was consistently low through the period from 7 days to 6 months after the lesion. A previous finding that biochemically measured ChAT activity in the lesioned side recovered to the contralateral level should be interpreted as an increase in the content of ChAT in terminal axons rather than fiber sprouting.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cholinergic innervation of the main and the accessory olfactory bulbs of the rat as revealed by a monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase.

The main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB) of the rat were immunohistochemically stained with a monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in order to know the difference in the distribution patterns of cholinergic fibers between these two structures. A few ChAT-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the superficial and middle parts of the external plexiform layer (EPL) of the MOB, in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the MOB, and in the GCL of the AOB. The frequency in appearance of these cells was 0.9 cells/section in the MOB and 0.3 cells/section in the AOB. While the glomerular layer (GL) and the superficial part of the EPL were most densely innervated in the MOB, the internal plexiform layer received the richest innervation in the AOB. There were no immunoreactive structures in the olfactory nerve layer of the MOB and in the vomeronasal nerve layer and glomerular layer of the AOB. In addition to a relatively homogenous distribution of cholinergic fibers in the MOB and AOB, there were several foci of very dense network of immunoreactive fibers at the posterior level of the OB. These foci formed a part of the modified glomerular complex that was recently identified using 2-deoxyglucose method and was presumed to be related to suckling behaviour in the neonatal rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Immunohistochemical conditions for staining choline acetyltransferase-containing axon terminals in the rat.

Immunohistochemical conditions for staining cholinergic axon terminals using a commercially available anticholine acetyltransferase (anti-ChAT) monoclonal antibody were determined in the rat. A number of variations of procedures including fixative composition, fixation time, and incubation time and temperature in the anti-ChAT antibody solution were tested. Optimal procedures for minimizing the chance of negative staining of ChAT-containing axon terminals consisted of perfusion with a mixture of 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde for 3 min followed by a fixative containing only 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, and reaction with the anti-ChAT antibody for 2 days at 37 C. The distribution patterns of axon terminals stained in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal formation were comparable to those reported by other investigators using different monoclonal antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The trajectory of mitral cell axons in the rabbit olfactory cortex revealed by intracellular HRP injection.

The projection of the axon and axon collaterals of mitral cells to the olfactory cortex was studied in the rabbit by intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The stained mitral cell axons were reconstructed from the soma to the most caudal portion of the anterior piriform cortex (aPC). Single mitral cells projected to cytoarchitectonically different areas of the olfactory cortex, i.e., the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), the aPC, and the olfactory tubercle (OT). All the stained mitrall cells projected to both the AON and the aPC, and about one-fourth of the mitral cells projected to the OT. At the surface of the AON and the aPC, the main axon running in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) gave off several thin collaterals at various intervals. The collaterals did not project evenly in each area but typically formed patchy terminal arbors which tended to be elongated anteroposteriorly. In both the AON and the aPC, each single mitral cell formed several terminal arbors in layer Ia. The axon collaterals innervating the OT showed two types of projection patterns. One type of collateral was emitted from the main axon within the olfactory bulb, coursed through the ventro-medial portion of the olfactory peduncle without joining the main mass of the LOT and terminated mainly in the medial portion of the OT. The other type of collateral emerged from the main axon in the LOT, coursed medioposteriorly, and projected to the lateral portion of the OT. Although individual mitral cells projected to several parts of the olfactory cortex, the fact that they made dense terminal arbors in specific places in each area suggests that the bulbocortical connections are not diffuse but highly selective.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Distribution of local axon collaterals of mitral, displaced mitral, and tufted cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb.

To determine the projection fields of intrabulbar axon collaterals, mitral, displaced mitral, and middle tufted cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb were stained by intracellular injection of HRP. The axon collaterals of mitral cells and displaced mitral cells were distributed exclusively within the granule cell layer (GrL). Those of middle tufted cells were distributed mostly in the GrL and on rare occasions in the mitral cell layer. None of these collaterals entered the external plexiform layer. Axon collaterals of mitral cells, emitted at the depths of the GrL, were distributed widely from the deep portion to the most superficial portion of the GrL. Collaterals of displaced mitral cells were also emitted in the deep part, but they tended to be distributed more superficially in the GrL than mitral cells. Collaterals of middle tufted cells were released and distributed superficially in the GrL. The axon collaterals of these principal cells typically extended for a longer distance than the secondary dendrites, and they sometimes formed bushlike terminal arborizations. The results indicate that the projection fields of the axon collaterals of principal cells are spatially separated from the dendritic projection fields. This suggests that the output of these principal cells through the collaterals has a functionally different role from the output through the dendrites. The observation that the three types of principal cells differ in the distribution pattern of their axon collaterals in the GrL suggests that there is a functional separation of the sublayers in the GrL.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Distribution of dendrites of mitral, displaced mitral, tufted, and granule cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb.

To determine the dendritic fields, mitral, displaced mitral, middle tufted, and granule cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb were stained by intracellular injection of HRP. The secondary dendrites of mitral cells were distributed mostly in the inner half of the external plexiform layer (EPL). Those of displaced mitral cells extended mainly into the middle and superficial sublayers in the EPL. The secondary dendrites of middle tufted cells were distributed mostly in the superficial portion of the EPL. Mitral cells extended their secondary dendrites in virtually all directions within a plane tangential to the mitral cell layer (MCL) and thus had a disklike projection field with a radius of about 850 microns. Displaced mitral cells had similar dendritic projection fields in the tangential plane but with somewhat distorted shapes. The secondary dendrites of middle tufted cells had a tendency to extend in particular directions. From the projection pattern of the gemmules on the peripheral processes, granule cells were classified into three types. Type I granule cells had gemmules both in the superficial and in the deep sublayers of the EPL. The peripheral processes of Type II granule cells were confined to the deep half of the EPL. The gemmules of Type III granule cells ere distributed in the superficial half of the EPL. The differing dendritic ramification among mitral, displaced mitral, and middle tufted cells suggests the separation of the dendrodendritic synaptic interactions with granule cells in different sublayers in the EPL. It also suggests a functional separation of the sublayers of the EPL.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Neurotrophic effect of nerve extract on development of tetrodotoxin-sensitive spike potential in skeletal muscle cells in culture.

The effect of the presence of nerve extracts on the development of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive sodium channels in cultures of dissociated embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells was examined by measuring the maximum rate of rise of TTX-sensitive spike potential. The addition of the nerve extract prepared from brain or spinal cord of chick embryos to the culture medium caused an increase in the channel density. Extracts of non-neural tissues, i.e., lung, kidney, and muscle, were ineffective. Liver extract, however, produced an effect similar to the nerve extracts. These results suggest that the TTX-sensitive sodium channels in the muscle cell membrane are regulated by a diffusible chemical substance independently of innervation, and that this substance resides in neural tissues, and perhaps also in liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Morphology of gingival capillaries adjacent to complete crowns.

Clinically normal gingivae adjacent to natural teeth did not exhibit dilated capillaries. The morphologies of the capillary loops were of the normal and mixed types. More than one fourth of the capillary loops in the gingivae adjacent to the complete crowns showed dilatation. The capillary loops were of the mixed and complex forms. Dilatation and complex capillary loops were found in the clinically normal gingivae adjacent to the complete crowns. The capillary microscope is an aid in the diagnosis of gingivae adjacent to complete crowns.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dendritic arborization patterns of cortical interneurons labeled with the lectin, Vicia villosa, and injected intracellularly with Lucifer yellow in aldehyde-fixed rat slices.

Neurons whose cell bodies had been stained by a lectin, Vicia villosa, which recognizes terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue, were intracellularly injected with Lucifer yellow (LY), in aldehyde-fixed slices of the parietal cortex of rats. LY was subsequently visualized immunocytochemically. All injected neurons had smooth or only sparsely spiny dendrites and resembled the various forms of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurons previously described in rat neocortex. In layers II/III, IV and V, most injected neurons were multipolar. In layer VI, most had vertically elongated dendritic fields. Some injected neurons in layer IV had an oval or vertically elongated soma and a bitufted dendritic arborization pattern. There was a gradual increase in the overall dendritic extent in deeper layers of the cortex.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of axon collateralization of identified supragranular pyramidal neurons in the cat auditory cortex.

Nine pyramidal neurons in layers II and III of cat primary auditory cortex (AI) were fully reconstructed after intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase or biocytin. Each neuron was functionally characterized according to its position relative to an anteroposterior sequence of best frequency responses. All labeled somata were in layers II or III and gave rise to typical apical and basal dendritic arbors as well as to extensive systems of axon collaterals. The primary axon of all except 1 cell entered the white matter and was probably directed toward other cortical areas ipsi- or contralaterally. Two major intracortical collateral systems emerged from the main axon in AI, one ending in the vicinity of the cell and the second at a distance. (1) Many local and recurrent collaterals, given off in layers III and V, contributed terminal branches to the formation of a columnar pattern of terminations extending superficially and deeply into the soma. The column extended through layers I-V, with some constriction in the middle portion corresponding to layer IV. (2) The axon of each cell also gave rise to 2-5 thick, long-range collaterals in layers III and/or V. These ran parallel to the pial surface for several millimeters. At several points along these long horizontal collaterals, vertically directed branches emerged to form columnar terminations, again extending through layers I-V. These columns did not overlap with that formed in the vicinity of the cell, and were situated at distances 500-1200 microns from the cell body. When viewed in the tangential plane, horizontal collaterals were oriented, on the whole, dorsoventrally with respect to the surface of the cortex. This may correspond to the organization of isofrequency bands previously described in cats. The results suggest that the major spread of excitation in AI is mediated by horizontal collaterals of pyramidal cells and that it occurs along the lines of isofrequency domains. Within the latter the collaterals may link columns of cells with like properties and/or serve to coordinate activity patterns in spatially separated portions of AI.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of intracellularly injected infragranular pyramidal neurons in cat primary auditory cortex.

Pyramidal neurons in layers V and VI of cat primary auditory cortex (AI) were intracellularly injected with biocytin after functional characterization according to a position relative to an anteroposterior sequence of best-frequency responses. A sample of 19 completely filled neurons was analyzed, and a preliminary classification was made on the basis of dendritic morphology and axon collateral distribution. Layer V cells could be divided into two types. Cells in the upper part of layer V and projecting toward the diencephalon had a large cell body and an apical dendrite with extensive branches in layer I. These cells had few recurrent axon collaterals, and no terminal axonal bushes were formed in the vicinity of the dendritic field. Long horizontal collaterals with many boutons, however, extended in various directions parallel to the cortical surface. By contrast, cells in the lower part of layer V and sending an axon into the putamen, or without an obvious subcortical axon, had a medium soma and an apical dendrite with few branches in layer I. These cells had a dense bush of recurrent collaterals extending into layers II and III and surrounding the dendritic field, but few or no horizontal collaterals. Layer VI injected neurons were more heterogeneous. All had a thin ascending dendrite with oblique branches both ending in layer III. Axon collateral distributions varied from cell to cell. Relatively small cells with an apical dendrite that branched frequently in layers III and IV had a dense network of recurrent collaterals in the dendritic field, but virtually no horizontal collaterals. This type projected toward the diencephalon. Cells with relatively long horizontal collaterals and a weak recurrent system confined to layers V and VI had a unique arborization pattern of basal dendrites. This type may have projected to the claustrum or other cortical areas. One cell with dendritic branches restricted to layer VI had horizontal collaterals predominantly in layer VI. This cell projected into the corpus callosum. The apparent close correlation between extrinsic projections of infragranular neurons and their dendritic morphology and intracortical collateral distributions suggests that differentially projecting cells may engage different elements of intracortical circuitry in AI.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Terminal morphology and distribution of corticothalamic fibers originating from layers 5 and 6 of cat primary auditory cortex.

Two types of terminations were observed on corticothalamic fibers arising from cells in different layers of cat auditory cortex. Injections of the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or biocytin were made into single cortical loci that included both superficial layer 5 (5a) and layer 6 in the primary auditory cortex (AI). These resulted in labeling of terminal fibers with small (approximately 1 micron) and large (approximately 2 microns) boutons in the medial geniculate complex (MG) and the lateral nucleus of the posterior complex. Large boutons were found in the deep and superficial dorsal nuclei, in the ventrolateral nucleus, and, less frequently, in the medial nucleus of the MG. They usually ended in grape-like clusters of boutons. By contrast, small boutons were found densely in the pars lateralis and pars ovoidea of the ventral nucleus, and to a lesser extent in the medial nucleus of MG. In the anterior third of the ventral nucleus, where the highest density of labeled fibers was observed, the small bouton terminations formed a plate-like plexus. In the inferior colliculus (IC), most terminal boutons on labeled corticotectal fibers were of large size. To reveal the cells of origin of the axons ending in the two different types of corticothalamic terminations, biocytin injections were localized in either layer 5 or layer 6 of AI or PHA-L injections were made into middle layers, including layer 5a but excluding layer 6. Virtually all labeled terminals found in the MG after layer 5 injections were of large size, while those found after layer 6 injections were of small size. The distribution of terminals of single-labeled axons was extensive and variable. For example, an axon recovered after a layer 5 injection of biocytin ended in at least seven patches of clusters of large boutons along much of the anteroposterior axis of MG. Our previous findings showed two neuronal populations situated in superficial layer 5 and in layer 6 of AI and projecting to the thalamus. The axons of these cells had different patterns of collateral distributions in the cortex. The present study shows that the extrinsically projecting axons of these two populations also have different terminal morphologies and distribution patterns in the MG. The findings suggest that the corticothalamic pathway in the cat auditory system consists of at least two feedback projections originating from different cortical layers that exert different influences on distinct thalamic neuronal populations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adenomyoma of the common bile duct: report of a case.

We report a case of adenomyoma in the common bile duct accompanied by obstructive jaundice. A 64-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, fever, appetite loss and jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed possible stenosis in the distal common bile duct. We could not distinguish whether the tumor was benign or malignant based on the clinical presentation, or biochemical, radiographic, or endoscopic investigations. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. The histological diagnosis was adenomyoma. The natural history of and optimal treatment for, adenomyoma have not been established.

Adenomyoma↗