Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to H Oehring.
Two oral ointments were investigated of their antimicrobial activities using agar diffusion test and suspension method with aerobic germs and Candida albicans. The oral ointment Parodontal-Mundsalbe-neu was better then Parodontal-Mundsalbe-alt with regard to intensity, begin and end of action. In our experiments the field of activity of both ointments against the species tested was identically.
The bactericidal and growth inhibiting effects of disinfectants on Streptococcus and Candida strains were tested in vitro. Chlorhexidine, when used in tiny concentrations (0.0001-0.0039%) inhibits the growth of Streptococci. With Wofasteril 0.32%) all Streptococci and Candida were killed within a minute. Next to a good bacteria inhibitor (0.001-0.032%), a sufficient bactericidal effect on Streptococci is shown by hydrogen peroxide when used in a 4% concentration and warmed to 45 degrees Centigrade (degrees C).
In a comparative study of red cells from concentrates preserved in SAG medium without and with 30 mM sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, resp., we determined the variation of IgG binding, osmotic fragility, MCV and the surface area index with storage time. IgG binding gave no conclusive results. Osmotic fragility turned out to be increased in simple SAG in comparison to the sugar-supplemented media. From measurements of microhematocrit and pH, the mean cellular volume (MCV), standardized to the initial pH value, turned out to decrease in all the media tested by not more than about 5 per cent after 3 weeks, and 10 per cent after 6 weeks. This is in advantageous contrast to the strong decrease in microhematocrit formerly observed in red cell concentrates in CDS-AG medium. Cells resuspended in simple SAG medium exhibited the smallest decrease in MCV. However, as inferred from data on hemolysis and vesiculation (D. Stibenz, accompanying paper), in these cells the loss of surface area proved to be maximal.
IgG receptor expression after selective cross-linking of spectrin by means of diamide was investigated. A diamide concentration dependent IgG loading of erythrocytes was observed. Furthermore, diamide causes disturbance of lipid asymmetry, decrease of the anisotropy after topooptical staining of the glycocalyx, increase of the phagocytosis index and aggregation of the IMP's. Our findings support the hypothesis that the arrangement of the membrane skeleton at the inner aspect of the membrane is decisive not only for the lipid asymmetry but also for the spatial structure of the glycocalyx at the outer aspect of the membrane and thus for the degree of exposure and arrangement of IgG-receptors, which are thought to be localized at an extracellular portion of band 3 protein.
Investigations were performed on aging of erythrocytes. It has been assumed that structural changes of the membrane result after exposer of the cells to certain environmental influences in vivo or in vitro. Cell aging can be connected with varying combinations of membrane structure disturbances. It is postulated that the messenger which signals membrane structure lesion is involved in a mechanism given by the expression of immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor sites which bind autologous IgG1 and IgG3. This antibodies are cytophilic for macrophages. The performed studies demonstrated that an intact molecular arrangement of the membrane skeleton is not only a supposition for stabilization of the membrane asymmetry but also for IgG receptor masking to prevent an early elimination of the red blood cells from the organism.
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The erythrocyte membrane was characterized with regard to its alteration of different degrees. A very important process of the membrane alteration is the expression of IgG receptor sites, which is connected with the binding of autologous IgG at the membrane. Several detection methods for membrane bound IgG were described: immunocytochemical techniques (Anti IgG--Anti Ferritin-sandwich technique, Anti IgG-Protein A-Gold- and the Silver enhancement technique), Antiglobulin agglutination test (Coombs test) and erythrocyte-macrophage test. Moreover, the topo-optical toluidine blue reaction and the ultra-histochemical NAD(H) oxidase reaction were checked to characterize the erythrocyte-macrophage interaction. Finally, the microvesiculation is understood as special form of the erythrocyte membrane disintegration, which is connected with a remodelling of an intact plasmalemma. The findings presented here summarize the fact that the membrane associated IgG regulates an immune-signal for the elimination of the erythrocytes in the Reticulo-Histiocytic-System in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the structural integrity of the erythrocyte plasmalemma is the code for the cell life span.
The extent of the splenal transit time is an important factor which influences the immunological behaviour of the red blood cells. An increased transit time of the RBC in the splenal reticulum leads to conformational effects on the erythrocyte glycocalyx. They consist in spatial disorder of the oligosaccharide side chains of the glycophorins with their sialic acid residues. These spatial disorders of the sialic acid residues correspond with the expression of IgG receptors, which initiate the process of the secondary elimination of the red cells.
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Some hetarylhydrazones showed antiviral activity against Mengo virus in vitro. The replication of influenza A and B viruses was affected neither in vitro (chick chorioallantoic membranes) nor in vivo (mice). Based on dose response curves of the active hetarylhydrazones the compound Z 98/69 appeared most effective in vitro. This compound neither inactivated the extracellular virus nor inhibited its adsorption and penetration; it reduced virus replication when added 1-3 hr after Mengo virus inoculation. As shown by plaque reduction test vaccinia virus was also inhibited. A partial inhibition of rhinovirus 1B multiplication was observed whereas other picornaviruses were not affected.
The number of E-rosette forming cells and the serum haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres were examined in 37 volunteers immediately before and 14, 28, 35 and 63 days after immunization with three inactivated influenza virus vaccines A/USSR/92/77 (H1N1)--NIB 6 and in 11 non-vaccinated controls. From the former, 10 volunteers were immunized with 1000 haemagglutinin (HA) IU per dose, 11 volunteers with the NIB 6 adsorbate vaccine (340 HA IU/dose) and 16 volunteers with a bivalent vaccine composed of 180 HA IU/dose NIB 6 and 180 HA IU/dose of influenza virus A/Bangkok X-73 (H3N2). The percentage of E-rosette forming cells was decreased in all vaccinated volunteers 14 days after vaccination; later on the values reached normal level of non-vaccinated controls or of subjects before vaccination. The number of E-rosette forming cells was in correlation with the applied virus vaccine dose, i.e. for the 1000 HA IU/dose: 29.95 +/- 11.74%, p less than 0.001 and for the 340 HA IU/dose: 47.75 +/- 11.15%, p less than 0.005; however, after administration of 180 HA IU/dose of NIB 6 in the bivalent vaccine, the value 58.65 +/- 11.5% was not significantly decreased in comparison to non-vaccinated donors. The serum HI antibody titres reached the highest level 14 days after vaccination and remained constant during the next 6 weeks. There was a correlation between decreased E-rosette values and increased serum antibody titres (p less than 0.05). The current study indicates that the number of E-rosette forming cells may serve as a further laboratory criterion for controlling the effect of inactivated influenza virus vaccines on the immune system of man.
Considering mainly practical aspects, a review of available methods of virological diagnosis of acute respiratory diseases is given. The first part contains the elements of virological diagnostics, especially a description and valuation of rapid detection of virus using fluorescent antibodies, and of haemadsorption technique for rapid diagnosis. Moreover, methods of viral isolation (cell cultures, embryonated eggs), conventional serological tests (CFR, HAIT, NT), and recent, not yet generally applied serological techniques (passive haemagglutination, indirect fluorescent antibody technique, haemadsorption inhibition test, radial immunodiffusion, radial immunohaemolysis, radio immune assay, enzyme linked immune assay) are described and valued as diagnostic tools in viral diseases of respiratory system. The second part deals with the specific diagnostics of infections by influenza, parainfluenza, RS-, adeno-, corona-, and rhinoviruses. Special instructions for the application of available tests and for the interpretation of results are given.
The diffusion test yielded no satisfactory results. In the tube test, both the spray and the solvent (in a dilution of 1:4 and 1:8, respectively) proved to be bacteriostatically active against enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These germs were killed within 30 minutes in the test for bactericidal activity, whereas the reference substance (1% phenol) required 1--2 hours, except against the last-named germ. Even the copolymer exerted a bactericidal effect, it is true, but only within 8 or 24 hours. The following results were obtained from the spray test with agar plate cultures: Streptococcus viridans species, streptococci, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Escheria coli, and Proteus were killed, whereas others survived under the plastic film for up to 9 days. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had grown through the film within 7 days. In vivo experiments demonstrated a very potent antibacterial activity on the skin under the spray film.
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