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Biomedical subjects

H Markkanen

Publications and source records attributed to H Markkanen.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Occlusal interferences analysed in patients treated with fixed prosthesis four years earlier.

This study consists of 147 subjects treated with fixed prostheses 4 years previously. Occlusal analyses were made, and the fillings, crowns, and pontics on the occlusal surfaces were recorded. Occlusal interferences were found in 42.6% of the fillings, in 34.9% of the crowns, in 27.0% of the pontics, and in 24.6% of the intact surfaces. The most common interference types were intercuspidation, retrusion and mediotrusion in the fillings, as well as intercuspidation, retrusion, and laterotrusion interferences in the crowns. In pontics interferences appeared mostly in intercuspidation and retrusion. When adjustment was made for preprosthetic occlusion, the number of interferences on all types of occlusal surfaces considerably decreased.

Crowns↗
PubMed1986

Effectiveness of children's habitual toothbrushing.

Individual toothbrushing habits are usually consistent. Frequency, pattern and duration are different aspects of the toothbrushing habit. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of habitual toothbrushing in children. The schoolchildren (n = 110) aged 13, were examined clinically before and after brushing their teeth in the habitual way; the brushing procedure was filmed without the children's knowledge. From the film, the pattern of brushing was assessed by three dentists, and the duration measured in seconds. Frequency of toothbrushing was assessed by postal questionnaire 2 months after the clinical examination. The examination included both photographed plaque and disclosed plaque diagnosed clinically. From the photographs, plaque was measured by computer planimeter as a % of plaque area and clinically by the oral debris index recommended by WHO. Subjects who had little plaque before toothbrushing were excluded from the analyses. Frequency seemed to affect plaque removal only in boys and only in the maxillary teeth. The pattern affected plaque removal in girls, but for boys, this aspect of toothbrushing affected only the left side of the jaws. Duration had produced the strongest effect on plaque removal. Therefore, duration of toothbrushing should be emphasized more in dental health education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Salivary IgA, lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin in periodontal disease.

The concentrations of IgA, lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) were quantitated in wax-stimulated mixed saliva from 28 patients with severe periodontitis and from 28 healthy controls. The mutual correlations between IgA, lysozyme and beta 2-m were determined. In patients with periodontitis decreased lysozyme concentrations were detected when compared with controls (P less than 0.05). The correlation between IgA and beta 2-m concentrations was highly significant in both groups studied (P less than 0.0001, and P less than 0.002), whereas beta 2-m and lysozyme concentrations were positively correlated in patients but not in controls. In addition, a significant correlation between IgA and lysozyme was found only in periodontal patients (P less than 0.001).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effects of a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on the free amino acid composition of wax-stimulated whole human saliva.

The free amino acid composition of whole saliva was determined for nine lacto-ovo-vegetarians and their age- and sex-matched controls. Concentrations of glycine, serine, proline, glutamic acid plus glutamine and delta-aminovaleric acid were significantly higher in the lacto-ovo-vegetarians than in the controls. Elevated proline levels in saliva were associated with increased concentrations of delta-aminovaleric acid and glycine. The results are discussed in terms of increased protein breakdown and/or altered metabolism of salivary microorganisms due to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Reproducibility of a clinical screening method for assessing gingival inflammation, pockets and plaque retentions.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS), when plaque retentions were examined separately. A sample of 8000 persons was drawn to represent the Finnish population aged 30 yr and over. The first clinical examination (total sample) was made by a specially trained expanded-duty dental auxiliary (EDDA). During the second examination (2-6 months later), 20% of the total sample was reexamined by a dentist, and of those, every 6th patient was examined by the EDDA. Reproducibility of the PTNS was assessed as intra- and interexaminer agreement and was calculated using Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa. The intraexaminer weighted kappa values were 0.67 +/- 0.05 for the PTNS and 0.48 +/- 0.15 for plaque retentions. The interexaminer weighted kappa values between the PTNS registrations were 0.77 +/- 0.05 and 0.74 +/- 0.12 in plaque retentions when examinations were made within 1 day, and 0.53 +/- 0.05 and 0.37 +/- 0.07, respectively, when the interexaminer registrations were made with an interval of 2-6 months between them. The kappa values for intra- and interexaminer reliability reflect quite high reproducibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Dental erosions in relation to lactovegetarian diet.

The subjects of this study were 26 lactovegetarians and their age- and sex-matched controls. Clinical and radiologic examinations were made and samples of wax-stimulated whole saliva were collected. Dental erosions were recorded and documented with photographs and plaster models. Incipient, moderate and grave erosive defects were observed in 26.9%, 19.2% and 30.8% of the lactovegetarians, respectively. In controls, however, no erosions were observed. When tested by multiple linear regression analysis, the main factors affecting dental erosions were the rate of flow of saliva, and consumption of vinegar and vinegar conserves, citrus fruits and acidic berries.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Caries, periodontal status and some salivary factors in lactovegetarians.

Twenty-eight lactovegetarians as well as age- and sex-matched controls were interviewed about their dietary habits, especially the frequency of ingesting acid fruits, drinks and foods, as well as their dental health habits. Samples of stimulated saliva were collected in connection with the clinical and radiologic study. Plaque, Gingival and Calculus Indices were not significantly different in lactovegetarians and controls. Of the lactovegetarians 76.9% and of the controls none had dental erosions on some tooth surfaces. In lactovegetarians the rate of flow of stimulated saliva was lower than in controls but did not decrease with advancing age as it did in controls. Salivary pH was lower in lactovegetarians than in controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Salivary Streptococcus mutans count and gingivitis in children after rinsing with a chlorhexidine-fluoride solution with and without strontium.

Thirty schoolchildren, 9-12 yr old with high DMF score, rinsed their mouths twice a day for 3 days with a chlorhexidine-fluoride (CXF) solution or a chlorhexidine-fluoride-strontium (CXFSr) solution. Streptococcus mutans counts (CFU) were made from saliva incubated on MSB agar and the gingival bleeding was recorded both before and after the rinsing period. S. mutans count decreased significantly immediately after the rinsing with each of the solutions (from 650 X 10(3) to 170 X 10(3) CFU/ml by CXF and from 500 to 170 X 10(3) CFU/ml by CXFSr). Within about 18 days after the rinsing with each solution the salivary S. mutans counts returned to the original level. Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) was significantly reduced by half through the CXF rinsing while the slight reduction by CXFSr was nonsignificant. Both of these changes were temporary. The results suggest that short rinsing periods with the CXF solution may be more advisable than daily rinses as a contribution to the maintenance of oral health in subjects or groups in need of such a prophylaxis. The weaker effect found with the CXFSr solution suggests that the cariostatic effect recently found in rats with the same solution may be due to other mechanisms than reduction of the oral S. mutans count.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Smoking and periodontal disease in the Finnish population aged 30 years and over.

The aim of this study, which was part of the Mini-Finland Oral Health Survey, was to evaluate the effect of smoking on periodontal condition in the Finnish adult population. A representative sample was drawn from the population aged 30 years and over. The total number of subjects was 8000, 90% of whom participated in the clinical examination. Periodontal diagnoses were made according to the modified Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). Information about age, toothbrushing, and smoking habits was collected by personal interviews. When the sample was divided into two groups (with and without periodontal pockets), the overall risk ratio (RR) was 1.39 and was slightly higher for men than for women. A log-linear model was used to study simultaneous associations and interactions between smoking, periodontal disease, and some background factors. In this model, smoking had not significantly affected the periodontal condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Gingival beta 2-microglobulin in juvenile and chronic periodontitis.

The beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) pattern in gingival biopsy specimen from 24 patients with chronic severe periodontitis (P), from 11 patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP), and from 24 periodontally healthy subjects (CO) was studied with an indirect immunoperoxidase method. No reactivity for beta 2-m was found in 71% of specimens in the P and CO groups, whereas 82% of the JP specimens showed positive beta 2-m staining in the epithelium. The reactivity was detected mostly in the upper layers of the epithelium. In all the three groups the beta 2-m reactivity was less frequent in the subepithelial connective tissue than in the epithelium proper, and it seemed to be confined to the inflammatory cells. In the JP group, prominent reactivity for beta 2-m was also located in intercellular bridges of the squamous cells. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of the cell differentiation in these diseases, including the function of beta 2-m related to the function of the classical HLA antigens (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Free amino-acid composition of wax-stimulated whole saliva in human subjects with healthy periodontium, severe chronic periodontitis and post-juvenile periodontitis.

The free amino-acid composition of wax-stimulated whole saliva of 3 subjects with different periodontal status was determined. The amino acids were analysed by gas chromatographic separation on a packed column and determined as their N-heptafluorobutyrylisobutyl esters. In 2 patients with periodontal diseases, the salivary concentrations of proline and glycine were significantly elevated, suggesting increased collagen and protein degradation and their increased release from the inflamed gingiva. delta-Amino-n-valeric acid is related to bacterial metabolism so that the changes found in its concentrations could suggest an altered plaque metabolism and different bacterial contents in gingival pockets of patients with chronic and post-juvenile periodontitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Inflammatory cells and their subsets in lesions of juvenile periodontitis. A family study.

The inflammatory cells in the gingival biopsy samples from a total of 9 patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP) and from 10 of their family members (JPrelat) belonging to 5 different families were subjected to phenotypic characterization. Plasma cells and their immunoglobulins were stained with immunoperoxidase kits for IgA, IgG, and IgM. B, T, and MPS (cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system) cells were demonstrated by the alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) technique in cryostat sections. The subsets (T helper/inducer and T suppressor/cytotoxic cells) of T cells were detected with monoclonal antibodies OKT4 and OKT8, respectively, using indirect immunofluorescence. Similar studies were completed for 19 age- and sex-matched periodontally healthy subjects. IgG plasma cells for outnumbered the IgA and IgM cells in all three series and were most pronounced in JPrelat series. Most of the inflammatory cells were ANAE-negative (B cells) in all series (78-87%). The highest proportions of T and MPS cells were found in the JP series (10% for both). A statistically significantly higher ratio for TH/Ts (OKT4+/OKT8+) was found in both the JP and JPrelat series as compared with that of the healthy controls. The findings suggest that imbalance (either inherited or acquired) in the immune regulation may play role in the development of JP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Periodontal treatment need of the Finnish population aged 30 years and over.

A representative sample (n = 8000) was drawn from the population aged 30 years and over, registered as living in Finland. Periodontal disease status was recorded according to the modified Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). Plaque retentions were examined separately. Of the subjects with four or more teeth 3.4% had a healthy periodontal status, while 10.2% of the jaw quadrants were healthy. Plaque retentions were found in 96.6% of the subjects and 90.9% of the jaw segments. Periodontal treatment need was calculated in three ways and was 195 +/- 111 (S.D.) min when the calculation was based on WHO recommendations (1978). Number of teeth, age, sex, caries and filling scores, and education explained about 30% of the treatment need when tested by multiple linear regression analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Copper in human subgingival calculus.

The Cu concentration as well as the Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Zn, and F concentrations were determined in subgingival calculus and the relation of Cu to Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe described. Samples of human subgingival calculus of 60 pieces from 60 subjects were ashed in an acid solution and the cation concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The F content was analyzed with an ion-selective electrode. The data was analyzed using the multiple linear regression analysis. The mean +/-SD of the Cu concentration in the subgingival calculus was 48.4+/-59.0 micrograms/g. Four elements, Zn, Ca, Fe and Mg, explained 41.1% of the Cu content. Zn explained 25.5% and the correlation was positive, whereas Ca (10.4%) had a negative correlation with the Cu content. The results showed such a high Cu content that it could affect the mineralization of calculus.

Calcium↗