Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

H Graham

Publications and source records attributed to H Graham.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig. 1. Stimulating digestion in the different compartments of the intestine.

1. An in vitro method, using duodenal and ileal digesta and faeces from pigs as inocula for the preparation of three incubation media for simulating the digestive processes in the pig, was proposed. The kinetics of degradation in these three media of three feed samples (pig-grower diet, sugar-beet pulp and wheat bran) with crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) contents varying from 111 to 196 g/kg, starch contents from 10 to 446 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 168 to 686 g/kg, were studied. 2. The method was investigated by incubating the feeds in the three media for up to 96 h, and determining the rate and extent of disappearance of feed components. 3. For each feed the 96 h dry matter disappearance was almost equal for all media, although the rate of disappearance varied considerably, with ileal digesta the most potent, particularly for the high-fibre feeds, and duodenal digesta the least. The patterns of disappearance of individual components were similar in all media, with the exception of crude protein which was apparently less degraded in ileal and especially faecal media. 4. Results suggest that a combination of a short (6-12 h) and a long (48-72 h) in vitro incubation could be employed to simulate digestion in the small and large intestine respectively of the pig.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig. 2. Comparison with in vivo ileal and faecal digestibilities.

1. An in vitro method involving incubation of feed samples with buffered duodenal digesta for 12 h or with buffered ileal and faecal inocula for 48 h was compared with in vivo ileal or faecal apparent digestibilities in pigs. 2. The five diets investigated had crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) contents from 164 to 185 g/kg, starch contents from 296 to 463 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 176 to 347 g/kg. 3. In vitro disappearances with duodenal inocula were correlated (P less than 0.05) with in vivo ileal apparent digestibilities for crude protein, ash, starch, energy and dry matter, but not for dietary fibre. 4. In vitro disappearances with the ileal and faecal inocula were generally correlated (P less than 0.1) with in vivo faecal apparent digestibilities for dietary fibre, energy and dry matter, but not for ash or crude protein. The patterns of degradability of fibre polysaccharide residues in vitro and in vivo were also similar. 5. Results indicate that this in vitro method could be used to predict the availability of starch and crude protein for digestion in the small intestine, and the degradability of dietary fibre, and thus for comparing the nutritive value of pig feeds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Effects of baking hulless barley on the digestibility of dietary components as measured at the ileum and in the feces in pigs.

The effects of different baking conditions on the apparent digestibility of dietary components were examined in pigs with an ileal cannula. The pigs were fed a hulless barley-based diet that was 1) uncooked, 2) baked for 4 h using high moisture, low temperature (37% dry matter, 121 degrees C) conditions (HMLT), or 3) baked for 1 h using lower moisture, high temperature (48% dry matter, 204 degrees C) conditions (LMHT). Ileal digesta and fecal dry matter were not different between the three diets. Pigs fed the HMLT and LMHT diets had 4% and 2% higher starch digestibility at the ileum, respectively, than did pigs fed the uncooked diet (P less than 0.05). Total Klason lignin recovered at the terminal ileum was similar for all diets even though initial Klason lignin values for the LMHT diet were twice that of the uncooked or HMLT diet. Digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) as measured at the ileum and in the feces of pigs fed the baked diets was about 10% higher than in pigs fed the uncooked diet (P less than 0.1). The ratio of NSP ileal digestion:NSP digestion as measured in the feces was over 0.75 for all diets. Baking increased digestibility in the barley-based diet by increasing the digestibility of starch and dietary fiber. Increasing the severity of baking (LMHT) tended to decrease digestibility compared to the mild baking (HMLT), but not significantly.

Absorption↗
PubMed1989

Effect of pelleting and beta-glucanase supplementation on the ileal and fecal digestibility of a barley-based diet in the pig.

The influences of pelleting and beta-glucanase supplementation on the digestibility of dietary components in a barley-based diet were investigated in pigs fitted with cannulas in the terminal ileum. The diet contained 49.0% starch, 18.9% crude protein and 14.8% dietary fiber, with arabinoxylans (4.9%), mixed-linked beta-glucans (3.4%) and cellulose (3.3%) as the main fiber components. Pelleting increased mixed-linked beta-glucan solubility from 45 to 62%. Neither treatment influenced the ileal or fecal apparent digestibilities of dry matter (64 and 80%, respectively), energy (62 and 79%), crude protein (53 and 75%), crude fat (26 and 27%) or dietary fiber (58 and 72%). However, pelleting increased (P less than .01) the pre-ileal apparent digestibility of starch from 91.5 to 95.3% and decreased (P less than .03) that of ash from -10 to -23%, while increasing (P less than .005) the fecal apparent digestibility of starch from 98.6 to 99.7%. The solubility of mixed-linked beta-glucans in ileal digesta was lower (P less than .001) in pelleted (26%) than in unpelleted (58%) diets. beta-glucanase supplementation also increased (P less than .05) the ileal apparent digestibility of starch, from 92.6 to 94.3%, and of mixed-linked beta-glucans, from 95.7 to 97.1%. Significant between-pig differences in the apparent digestibility of dietary components were observed. In conclusion, treatments that disrupt the endosperm cell walls in barley can increase the proportion of the diet digested prior to the large intestine.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Advanced breast cancer. A randomised trial of epidoxorubicin at two different dosages and two administration systems.

Sixty-two women with advanced breast cancer have been entered into a randomised trial comparing bolus injection with 24-h infusion of epirubicin given as a dose of either 20 mg or 40 mg weekly, of which 57 patients are eligible for analysis. Bolus injection proved significantly more successful than prolonged infusion in response rate, time to first event and survival. No significant differences appeared between the two doses using these measures, however 40 mg weekly was significantly more toxic than 20 mg weekly. Epirubicin given as a weekly 20 mg bolus injection appears both effective and relatively free from toxicity.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

The changing patterns of women's smoking.

Women's smoking habits from 1920 to 1986 are described. Nowadays, working class women and mothers on low incomes are more likely to be smokers. The attention of health visitors is drawn to the conflict these women demonstrate between health-keeping and house-keeping.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Women's smoking and family health.

Women's smoking behaviour, and the smoking behaviour of mothers in particular, is becoming an important focus of research in the area of health and inequality. Smoking among women is linked to social disadvantage, with the highest rates among white women in working class households. Evidence is accumulating of the effects of women's smoking on their health and on the health of their children. Women's smoking behaviour is also implicated in the process of childhood socialisation into smoking, with mother's smoking attitudes and practices identified as powerful influences on children's smoking behaviour. Despite the emphasis on maternal smoking in epidemiological studies, little attention has been paid in psychological and social research to the experience of smoking in the context of poverty and motherhood. Drawing on a study of 57 women caring for pre-school children in low-income families, the article explores some of the complex links between women's poverty, caring and smoking. The study suggests that, for a significant minority of mothers, poverty and caring combine with low levels of physical and emotional energy, with sleep problems and with feelings of social isolation. In this context, smoking appeared to provide a way of coping with caring-in-poverty: a way of coping alone with the demands of full-time caring and with the struggle of making ends meet.

Child Care↗
PubMed1986

Changes in the population aged over 75 of an urban general practice: implications for screening.

In an urban group practice of six principals 545 (4.2%) of 13 100 patients were over 75 years of age. Although 54 of these patients died during one year, there were 72 "urban migrants" (42 removed from the district and were replaced by 30 new registrations) and 58 age transfers within the age-sex register. Although urban migrants who were aged over 75 and over 85 represented only a small percentage (0.6% and 0.1% respectively) of the total practice population, they accounted for 12.8% and 14.9% of their respective age groups. There may be delays of up to three months before such patients are routinely registered with new practices. Thus a potentially hidden and appreciably vulnerable section of the aged population who are likely to require crisis intervention has been identified. This may explain previous conflicting views about the value of health screening programmes in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The influence of wheat bran and sugar-beet pulp on the digestibility of dietary components in a cereal-based pig diet.

The influence of added wheat bran or dried sugar-beet pulp on the apparent digestion of dietary components was examined in pigs fitted with duodenal and terminal ileal cannulas. The pigs were fed a basal cereal-based diet alone or substituted at a level of 33% by wheat bran or beet pulp. Neither fibrous component influenced the digestibility of starch, but inclusion of beet pulp decreased dry matter content and digestibility of ash, protein and fat in the ileum and fecal digestibility of fat. Between 11 and 37% of the nonstarch polysaccharides were degraded anterior to the ileum, and the percentage of beet pulp diet nonstarch polysaccharides that was soluble increased from 11% in the feed to 35% at the ileum. Xylose and glucose were the least degraded nonstarch polysaccharide residues in all three diets, and the non-starch polysaccharide residues varied in susceptibility to breakdown within and between diets, depending on the composition of the fiber. Almost 50% of the beet pulp, but less than 20% of the wheat bran, was degraded in the large intestine. The inclusion of wheat bran and beet pulp increased fecal output by 127 and 56%, respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility studies.

1. The use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility determination was studied. Bags, measuring 25 x 40 mm and containing feed samples, were introduced into the pig gastrointestinal tract through a duodenal cannula, and recovered in the faeces between 23 and 69 h later. The disappearance of organic matter and crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) from the bags was compared with in vivo apparent digestibility, determined by conventional faecal-collection methods, and neutral-detergent-fibre content for eleven feeds. The residues left in the bags after passage through the intestine from whole-crop-pea (Pisum sativum) and barley-grain samples were analysed for starch, non-starch polysaccharide residues, Klason lignin, crude protein and ash. 2. Dry matter disappearance of barley or whole-crop peas was not influenced by increasing bag pore size from 10 to 36 microns or sample weight from 250 to 1000 mg. Pepsin (EC 3.4.2.1) pretreatment had no effect on the degradation in the bags of the feeds investigated. 3. Organic matter and crude protein disappearance from the bags exceeded in vivo apparent digestibility by up to 0.10 and 0.42 units respectively. In vivo apparent organic matter digestibility could be predicted (P less than 0.001) by the organic matter disappearance from the bags and the neutral-detergent-fibre content of the feed, while in vivo apparent crude protein digestibility was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) to all these indices but poorly to crude protein disappearance from the bags. 4. Klason lignin was the least degraded component measured in the whole-crop-pea and barley residues from the bags, while starch was completely digested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Dying as a diagnosis: difficulties of communication and management in elderly patients.

91 responses to a standard interview from medical and nursing staff who had cared for 24 elderly patients who died were assessed to determine whether staff and patients knew that dying was part of the diagnosis. 45% of respondents had concluded that their patients knew the clinical diagnosis and 42% that their patients knew death was imminent. Only 18% of respondents had discussed the diagnosis with patients and only 14% had discussed impending death. Other means of communication contributed to the staff's awareness of the patient's knowledge of diagnosis in a further 27% and of impending death in 29%. The needs of 13 of 14 alert dying patients were not adequately appreciated by the staff. Failure of medical and nursing staff to pool perceptions of patients' difficulties may contribute to the inappropriate care of patients dying in hospital and the stress experienced by staff after patients die.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Can readmissions to a geriatric medical unit be prevented?

During the year ending April 2, 1982, 153 patients readmitted to a geriatric medical unit within twelve months of their previous discharge from any hospital in the district accounted for 24.8% of the 617 patients admitted. Readmission of the 153 patients was due to unavoidable clinical deterioration (32%), inadequate medical management (21%), non-compliance of patient (20.2%), social problems (18.3%), or inadequate rehabilitation (8.5%). Readmission could have been prevented in 73 (47.7%) patients. These figures emphasise the importance of greater medical interest in the problems of the aged and support the need for a higher consultant/bed ratio in geriatric medical units to allow more effective management of patients aged 75 years and over.

Age Factors↗