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Biomedical subjects

H Cooke

Publications and source records attributed to H Cooke.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Y chromosome microdeletions and male subfertility.

Men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia have been investigated by molecular probing of the long arm of the Y chromosome. We find microdeletions affecting various parts of the long arm of the Y chromosome in approximately 10% of men with non-obstructive azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia but not in a fertile comparison population. This work needs further confirmation in different countries and different racial groups but it would appear that microdeletions (and presumably genetic defects) are commonly associated with defects of spermatogenesis. These findings have implications for the management of severe male subfertility with in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1994

Sequence homologies and linkage group conservation of the human and mouse Cenpc genes.

Using a previously identified human CENPC cDNA fragment, we have isolated cDNA clones corresponding to the complete mouse Cenpc coding sequence. Using these cDNAs as probes to genomic libraries, we have isolated genomic clones corresponding to the mouse and human genes and also to a mouse pseudogene. In situ hybridization mapping of these genes reveals that the human gene maps to 4q12-q13.3 and the mouse gene to 5E2-E5. These sites are in a region of linkage group conservation between the two species. Secondary sites are present in man on chromosome 12q21.2-q21.33 and in mouse on chromosome 2B. This mouse secondary site is a pseudogene on the basis of DNA sequence. These secondary sites are not syntenic in the two species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Students' evaluation of the process of conducting a patient assessment.

A Qualitative Evaluation Strategy was adopted to explore an early curriculum experience of undergraduate pre-registration student nurses. Open-ended narratives, in the style of Illuminative Evaluation (Parlett & Hamilton 1972), were used to encourage students to reflect upon their experience of conducting their first patient assessment using a model of nursing. A content analysis of the students' reflections is presented and discussed with reference to studies whose findings they corroborate and support. Aspects of the learning experience which influence the development of nursing skills were elucidated, together with the learning processes involved in the acquisition of patient assessment skills. Evaluating the context of the students' learning environment revealed some of the realities of learning nursing 'in the field', a lack of role models in clinical areas and the persistence of a theory-practice gap. In addition, this study shed light on the process of professional socialisation in student nurses. Encouraging reflection helped the students recognise how much they had learnt, and enabled us to evaluate our effectiveness as learning facilitators. An electic approach combining both qualitative and quantitative paradigms is advocated for holistic evaluation of the curriculum. Inferences from this evaluation may have particular relevance for designers and teachers of Project 2000 style courses.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1993

Why teach sociology?

This paper examines the arguments in favour of the inclusion of sociology in the nursing curriculum. It contains an analysis of the literature on sociology teaching in nursing education and briefly compares this with sociology teaching in the medical curriculum. The discussion draws attention to the ways in which the professional concerns and ambitions of nursing constrain the content and organisation of the sociology curriculum. Finally it argues for a more critical and theoretically informed sociology for nurses.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1993

Boundary work in the nursing curriculum: the case of sociology.

A discussion of the boundaries between nursing and sociology is contained in this paper. The creation of nursing as an academic subject is discussed and compared with the creation of academic geography. The creation of academic subject involves 'boundary work' in which power and legitimacy are conferred on some forms of knowledge and not others. Boundary work enables a discipline to stake out a claim to its legitimate territory and the resources that go with it. In a practice discipline such as nursing, the boundaries between nursing and supporting subjects, such as sociology and physiology, create problems of transfer of learning. This has implications for curriculum design. Bernstein's work on educational transmissions offers useful insights. He suggests a distinction between educational knowledge codes. 'Collection' codes involve strong boundaries between subjects, 'integrated' codes imply weak boundaries. The implications of the move to an integrated code in nursing are discussed. The existence of an integrated code implies a 'strong ideological consensus' within a discipline. In nursing this entails a belief in the 'individualized care' of the patients. This is incompatible with the sociological understanding of nursing.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1992

hnRNP A2/B1 binds specifically to single stranded vertebrate telomeric repeat TTAGGGn.

We have previously isolated a protein from mouse liver nuclei that specifically binds to single stranded (TTAGGG)n repeats. TTAGGG is the telomeric repeats of mammals and we therefore named the new protein single stranded telomere binding protein (sTBP). Further studies now identify sTBP as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2/B1 on the basis of amino acid sequence determination and antibody reactivity. A2 and B1 form a major part of the protein component of hnRNP particles and are abundant nuclear proteins. Unexpectedly, A2/B1 has a high specificity for binding to the RNA equivalent of TTAGGG, UUAGGG, but under the same conditions does not appear to have a strong affinity for a number of other RNA species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Lambda CM8, a human sequence with putative centromeric function, does not map to the centromere but is present in one to two copies at 9qter.

A DNA fragment isolated from a human genomic library, was reported to be present at all human centromeres and present at 16-32 copies per genome. Reintroduction of this DNA into mammalian cells as a concatenated phage clone gave rise to dicentric chromosomes which gave rise to a new, stable, chromosome. Taken together these observations could mean that this DNA is part of a native centromere. We have reexamined the location and copy number of this sequence and find it to be present at 1-2 copies per genome with a single site of in situ hybridisation at 9qter.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1991

Functional reintroduction of human telomeres into mammalian cells.

Telomeric sequences of eukaryotes consist of short tandem repeats organized in arrays of variable length in which the guanine-rich strand runs 5'----3' toward the chromosomal end. The terminal repeats in yeast are the only elements necessary for telomere function in this organism. To test whether mammalian terminal repeats can function after reintroduction into a mammalian cell, a repeat-containing terminal fragment from a human chromosome was electroporated into a hamster-human hybrid cell line. In 6 of 27 independent transformants analyzed, the introduced sequences were found at the ends of chromosomes, based on all available criteria. Terminal restriction-fragment heterogeneity and the survival of these chromosomes demonstrate that these telomeres are functional. Cytogenetic evidence from one of these cell lines suggests that chromosome breakage with healing at the integration site is the mechanism responsible for the terminal location.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Are patients' attitudes the cause of long waiting lists?

This paper studies the rate of non-attendance for both out-patient clinics and in-patient care. It relates this to the waiting times for both services. If all patients who did not attend clinics had informed us beforehand, thus enabling us to give their appointments to other patients, the out-patient waiting time could have been reduced from six months to one week. If a similar approach was taken with the in-patient waiting list, the waiting time could have been reduced from 15 months to nine months.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1990

The structure of a subterminal repeated sequence present on many human chromosomes.

All telomeres which have been studied consist of an array of simple G/C rich repeats. Human telomeres were shown to share sequence similarity with those of lower eukaryotes by cross-hybridization and human telomeric sequences have been cloned by complementation of telomere function in yeast. Analysis of human telomeric sequences cloned in this way is described here. The terminal part of the cloned human telomeric DNA consists of an array of simple repeats, principally of the sequence TTAGGG and derivatives. The very terminal part consists of yeast-type telomeric repeats which suggests that the human telomeric sequences have acted as a primer for the addition of additional telomeric repeats in the yeast. Subterminal sequences are shared between a number of clones and in situ data shows that these subterminal sequences are present at several different chromosomal ends. Related sequences are present at internal as well as telomeric positions. Differences in the hybridization patterns of subterminal sequences in somatic compared to germ-line tissues are described which indicate differential modification of these sequences during development.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1990

Effect of tamoxifen on regulation of viral replication and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat-directed transcription in cells chronically infected with HIV-1.

The protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was used to upregulate viral replication in a clone of promonocytic cells chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. Induction of virus could be inhibited by the triphenylethylene anti-estrogen tamoxifen at concentrations that had minimal effects on cellular DNA synthetic responses and cell cycle kinetics. This effect correlated with tamoxifen's ability to block PMA-mediated enhancement of HIV-promoter-driven transactivation in cells of monocyte and CD4+ T-lymphocyte lineages. No interference with a primary infection was noted. Tamoxifen's mechanism of action may relate both to its capacity to inhibit PKC and to consensus sequences for gonadal steroid responsive elements in the HIV long terminal repeat, as it was able to partially inhibit another HIV activator, 5-azacytidine, which does not modulate PKC function. The finding that regulation of HIV in a model for low-level chronic or latent infection is amenable to a nonimmunosuppressive steroid antagonist may suggest approaches to pharmacologic intervention early in HIV infection.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1988

Production of monoclonal human antibody to HLA-DR5 (DRw11) by mouse/human heterohybridomas.

We describe here the production of a human monoclonal antibody to the HLA-DR5 antigen. A human B-cell line secreting cytotoxic antibody that reacted preferentially with DR5-positive targets was fused to the mouse myeloma P3X63Ag8.653 and the resulting heterohybridomas cloned twice. The clones secreted human IgM (lambda light chain), which showed specificity for the DR5 antigen in cytotoxicity assays and reacted with DRw11-positive but not DRw12-positive targets. These results demonstrate the potential of this approach to the production of human monoclonal antibodies to transplantation antigens.

Animals↗