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Biomedical subjects

H Araya

Publications and source records attributed to H Araya.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Index of nutritional quality per volume: a new indicator to evaluate the nutritional quality of food preparations and diets].

The purpose of this study was to propose a new dietary index to evaluate the nutritional quality of common dishes and diets: the index of nutritional quality per volume (INQV). In its expression, this index takes into account the nutrient density (amount of nutrient/1,000 g of diet) and the nutrient density per reference volume. The last one is the ratio between the recommended allowances of the nutrient and the volume that it is possible to consume during the day, when the diet is offered freely. Zinc was used as example in the analysis. A total of 14 dishes of habitual consumption in Chile were studied in relation to its consumption by 30 preschool children. The volume that children were able to consume was determined by differential weighing between the amount offered and the amount left on the dish, during a period of 180 days. The percentage of water and energy value were established by means of chemical analysis performed according to the AOAC, and the zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the INQV were then compared with those of the index of nutritional quality (INQ), which considers zinc density/1,000 kcal, and zinc and energy requirements. This comparison demonstrated that the INQV values were lower than those of the INQ in dishes with energy densities lower than 1.0 kcal/g. The opposite tendency was observed in the case of those dishes with energy densities higher than 1.0 kcal/g. The analysis herein presented demonstrates the usefulness of the INQV in diets which are voluminous and with low energy densities, commonly consumed by the low socioeconomic strata of developing countries.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

[Legume consumption among pre-school children: effect of energy density and type of preparation].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the energy density (E.D.), children's age and type of meals on the consumption of dishes based on legumes and its combination with cereals by preschool children, for the purpose of defining if they were adequate for preschool children's feeding. Thirty children aged 2 to 5 years old who lived in a foster home, were assigned to three experimental groups. Each group was formed by 10 children. Twenty-nine meals were offered to all groups, differing in their energy density: 0.85, 0.94 and 1.03 kcal/g in dishes of legumes and cereals, and 0.47, 0.62 and 0.80 kcal/g in soups. The study was conducted during 29 non-consecutive days throughout a period of 80 days. Food consumption of each child was determined by differential weighing. Food and energy consumption of the legume-cereal dishes was significantly higher than those observed in the case of soups (312 vs 223 g and 288 vs 138 kcal, respectively). The effect of age was verified only when the volume and energy intake was expressed by kg of body weight, being the group with the highest age which showed the lowest food and energy intake, either in dishes or in soups. The relationship between meal consumption and E.D. was significantly inverse. Dishes based on legume-cereal were consumed by pre-school children in sufficient amounts to satisfy their energy requirements in one meal, when these meals have an E.D. of 1.03 kcal/g (3% of added oil). The low E.D. of soups conditioned the fact that these meals were inadequate for the feeding of this age group.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Alteration in rat liver microsomal membranes induced by acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen caused a reversible change in the fluorescence polarization of eosin maleimide and dansyl chloride labeled to rat liver microsomes, indicating that acetaminophen acts on microsomal membrane proteins. Acetaminophen in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), brought about an irreversible change in the fluorescence polarization of the probes. Acetaminophen, with or without NADPH, was also found to change the fluorescence polarization of lipid-soluble fluorescent probes, 2- and 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid labeled to microsomes, indicating its action on microsomal membrane lipids.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1986

Heterogeneous distribution of the conjugation activity of acetaminophen and p-nitrophenol in isolated rat liver cells.

The uneven distribution of the glucuronidation and sulfation activity of acetaminophen (APAP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) in liver was studied using centrilobular and periportal regions of isolated rat hepatocytes obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, in a manner similar to that for harmol reported previously. The glucuronidation of APAP and PNP occurred predominantly in the periportal region. Glucuronidation activity of APAP in the centrilobular region was not detected. This finding may reflect the existence of different forms of uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) for APAP and PNP. The regional difference in Km values was observed for PNP, but not for harmol as reported in the previous paper. This suggests the existence of multiple forms of UDPGT for PNP as well as the heterogeneous distribution of this enzyme in liver lobules. The sulfation rates of APAP and PNP in the centrilobular region were smaller than those in the periportal region. The regional difference of APAP sulfation was due to different Vmax values. As shown in the harmol experiment, the predominant distribution of sulfation activity of APAP and PNP in the periportal region agreed with the results in the perfused liver previously reported by other investigators but that of glucuronidation activity was at variance with them.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1985

[Nutritive value of shellfish consumed in Chile].

The purpose of the present study was to determine the protein quality and digestibility of shellfish commonly consumed in Chile, and to estimate its contribution to the protein needs of the Chilean population. The shellfish studied were chorito (Mytilus edulis chilensis), macha (Mesodesma donacium), loco (Concholepas concholepas), cholga (Aulacomya ater), erizo (Loxechinus albus) and almeja (no specific variety). The NPU method was used to determine protein quality. The percentage of protein adequacy for adult rations was calculated according to FAO/WHO 1973. The contribution of shellfish to the protein availability according to the family income of the Santiago population, was also calculated. Most of the shellfish presented NPU values of about 70; the lowest values were found for loco (54.9) and macha (63.3). The apparent and true digestibility gave an average of 83.6 and 90.4, respectively. The percentage of protein adequacy of habitual rations ranged between 27% (erizo) and 58% (loco). The availability of shellfish protein in relation to total protein increased from 0.4 to 2.5% when income increased. It is concluded therefore, that shellfish protein is, in general, of good quality. Nevertheless, it might be considered of poor influence insofar as fulfilling the protein needs of the population studied, whatever its socioeconomic level.

Chile↗
PubMed1985

[Evaluation of the adjusted amino acid score by digestibility for estimating the protein quality and protein available in food and diets].

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the amino acid score adjusted by digestibility to estimate protein quality and utilizable protein in foods and diets, considering net protein utilization (NPU) as a biological reference method. Ten foods of vegetable origin and ten of animal origin, as well as eight mixtures of foods of vegetable and animal origin were studied. When all the foods were considered, a positive (r = 0.83) and highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between NPU and the amino acid score adjusted by digestibility was found. When the foods were separated according to their origin, this correlation was positive only for the foods of vegetable origin (r = 0.93) and statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Also, only in those foods were similar values found between NPU and amino acid score adjusted by digestibility, as well as in utilizable protein estimated considering both methods. Caution is required to interpret protein quality and utilizable protein values of foods of animal origin and mixtures of foods of vegetable and animal origin when the amino acid score method adjusted by digestibility, or NPU, are utilized.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1984

Heterogeneous distribution of conjugation activities of harmol in isolated rat liver cells.

The regional distribution of the conjugation reaction activities of harmol was examined in isolated rat liver cells fractionated to the centrilobular and periportal regions. The heterogeneous distribution in the conjugation rates per unit cell numbers was found only in glucuronidation. The difference in the metabolic intrinsic clearance per total cell numbers in each region was mainly due to the cell numbers, resulting that the metabolic abilities in both reactions are higher in the periportal region than the centrilobular region. This finding in sulfate conjugation is consistent with the results in the isolated perfused liver previously presented by other investigators but the result that in glucuronide conjugation is contradictory to them.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1984

Multiple forms of aryl sulfotransferase for acetaminophen sulfate conjugation in rat liver cytosol.

The multiplicity of aryl sulfotransferase (phenol sulfotransferase, PST) in acetaminophen (APAP) sulfate conjugation was studied in rat liver cytosol. The sulfation rate showed the optimal pH of about 9 similar to that in the phenolic monoamine sulfation. And another optimal pH of about 6.4 was found at the higher APAP concentration such as 16 mM, suggesting the existence of the PST multiplicity in the APAP sulfation. The effect of thermal treatment at various temperatures, 37 to 41 degrees C, showed that PST catalyzing the sulfation at the lower APAP concentration (about less than 1 mM) is more thermolabile and has the lower Km for APAP than at the higher APAP concentration. The APAP sulfation at microM order APAP in the presence of p-nitrophenol (PNP) was shown to be decreased by the substrate inhibition of PNP to PST. Consequently it is considered the sulfation at the lower APAP concentration (microM order) is mainly catalyzed by the thermolabile PST with the lower Km for APAP, and at the higher APAP concentration the thermostable PST with the higher Km partially contributes to the sulfation.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1984

[Analysis of the practical significance of amino acid requirements in human nutrition].

The objective of this paper was to analyze the usefulness of the actual figures of amino acid requirements in human nutrition. In order to establish the amino acid pattern, the amino acid requirements are related to the safe level of protein intake. Since this safe level has been modified, the amino acid patterns also change, unless there is also a similar modification in the amino acid requirements. Consequently, the use of an amino acid pattern similar to the amino acid composition of a high-quality protein, as is the case of milk, is suggested. Another concept which is necessary to emphasize is that the amino acid pattern proposed for normal nutrition can not be applied to different pathological states. This statement is exemplified by the dietetic treatment of hepatic coma. The mean amino acids intake in physiological studies oriented to determine protein requirements, as well as those observed in low socioeconomic level population groups, are higher than the requirements. These observations can be explained by the methodology used in their determinations, with a previous adaptation period which produces a decrease in the tissue mass of a high percentage of individuals. It is concluded that to obtain a rational application of the amino acids requirements, determined by physiological methods, it is necessary to perform a critical analysis of the figures proposed by the Committees, and adapt them to local prevailing conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Case of choriocarcinoma of a probable testicular origin with a good response to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP)].

A case of choriocarcinoma responding well to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) was reported. A 24-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with chief complaints of upper abdominal discomfort and gynecomastia. Physical findings on admission included solid tumors in the upper abdomen and bilateral inguinal regions. The chest X-ray picture showed numerous coin lesions, and abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a widespread metastasis in the retroperitoneum. Blood chemical analysis pointed out the high levels of LH, HCG, and beta-subunit of HCG. The pathological diagnosis of the biopsied inguinal mass was choriocarcinoma. The patient was treated with CDDP, vincristine and bleomycin according to the protocol of Einhorn. After three courses of this therapy, serum HCG level was normalized and pulmonary metastatic lesions were diminished, although abdominal ultrasound examination showed remnants of the decreased tumor masses. The patient was transferred to the urological department for further cytoreductive therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Dietetic study of pregnant women of Santa Maria Cauqué, Guatemala. I. Variability of protein indicators and analysis by the time of meals].

The distribution of the protein energy ratio indicators (Pe%), amino acid score and protein value (NDpCal%) in the three daily meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) of the diet of pregnant women from Santa María Cauqué, Guatemala, was studied. The results were compared with those obtained for the total daily food intake. The differences observed were not significant, confirming the validity of the determination of amino acid score, Pe% and NDpCal% in the foods consumed during the whole day in this type of populations. It also reflects the nutritional benefit of the food pattern, since protein utilization would not be decreased by a different distribution of protein quality and concentration throughout the three daily meals. The variability among individuals of Pe% intake, amino acid score and NDpCal% gave the following values: 16.0, 9.3 and 15.6, respectively. It is noteworthy to add that the variability of Pe% observed is similar to that reported for populations of developed countries.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

[Extruded beans: potential use in infant nutrition].

The nutritional value of extruded bean flour (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. tórtola) obtained from the food industry was assessed in terms of chemical composition, biological value of protein, amino acid supplementation, and hemagglutinin content. The assessment also included several mixtures with extruded bean that could be applicable for infant and preschool feeding. The NPU of the samples ranged from 37.3 to 43.9 and the titer of hemagglutinins, from 0 to 2. A remarkable increase in protein quality was observed when DL-methionine was added. Six mixtures using extruded bean in concentrations ranging from 30 to 80%, plus rice, wheat flour, skimmilk and DL-methionine were formulated. The protein contents varied from 16.4 to 26.8 g/100 g, with a NPU of 58.5 to 69.7. The usefulness of these mixtures to meet the energy and protein allowances according to the WHO/FAO report of 1973, is discussed. It is concluded that extruded bean flour is a promising food for infant and preschool feeding, especially when added to mixtures that will improve their efficiency in meeting nutritional allowances.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

[Relation of the energy content of fats and proteins as an indicator of energy-protein potential of population diets].

The protein-calorie (Po/o) and the protein value (NDpCalo/o) have been proposed as indices to evaluate the potentiality of diets to meet protein and calorie needs of a given population. The fat-calorie to protein-calorie ratio (G/P) is presented as a complementary index, considering the possibility that the values of Po/o and NDpCalo/o can be adequate but that the energy density of the diets is too low, as might be the case in many rural communities of the developing countries. On the basis of the evidence discussed in this paper, the G/P ratio estimated as adequate is 2.5, and values lower than 2 can be considered as nutritionally unacceptable.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

[Analysis of the application of methods recommended by FAO/WHO 1973 for determining the protein quality in Chilean food. Effect of the dietary protein concentration].

The 1973 FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements has recommended two methods to adjust the safe level of protein intake according to protein quality: chemical score and net protein utilization (NPU). However, the effect of protein concentration on protein utilization is not considered. The results of the present work, as well as those obtained by other investigators, show that there is an inverse relationship between protein concentration and protein utilization. The net protein utilization (NPU) at 10% of protein-calories or the chemical score adjusted by the nitrogen digestibility can be applied when results are to be projected to national average diets, which have values ranging between 9 and 13%. When it is necessary to evaluate the diet of specific relatively homogeneous population groups, the recommended method should use the NPU determined or calculated in each meal considering the level of protein concentration of the diet as eaten (NPU op). This method takes into account the amino acid complementation in each meal. The data on which these conclusions are based have been presented and discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of various heat treatments in the hemagglutinin content and in the protein quality of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)].

The effect of pre-soaking raw seed beans upon detoxification and the biological quality of its protein were evaluated. In whole raw seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. "tórtola", the net protein utilization (NPU), true digestibility and hemagglutinin titer were determined after 60', 90' and 120' of heat treatment, with and without 14 hours of pre-soaking. It is concluded that soaking prior to cooking is not necessary to eliminate the toxicity of dry beans, but that it does contribute to the softening of seeds and reduction of cooking time. The hemagglutinin levels of six commercial bean flours were evaluated, concluding that almost all of them presented toxic levels. The effect of the cooking methods upon the toxicity of bean flours was studied. Two raw bean flours, var. "tórtola" and "burro" at 10% and 20%, were cooked employing different boiling times (5, 10, 15 and 30'). The two raw samples contained high hemagglutinin levels which were inactivated at 10% with 10' cooking. The presence of toxic levels was detected at 20% after 15' cooking and these were eliminated at 30' of cooking.

Agglutinins↗