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Biomedical subjects

H Araya

Publications and source records attributed to H Araya.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Effect of different starch and dietary fiber of preparations levels on immediate and subsequent consumption in preschool children 24-48 months of age].

The aim of this study was to examine in preschool children the effects of different levels of starch and dietary fiber of a meal time on the immediate food and energy intake (in the same meal time) and in the following meal (subsequent intake). The study was performed in 50 children both genders, with ages ranging from 24 to 48 months, with normal nutritional status (weight/height index) according to the NCHS standards. The food intake was determined by differential weighing and energy intake was calculated from proximal analysis. In the lunch, several meals were offered differing in their starch and dietary fiber but with similar energy density (1 kcal/g). The results of the immediate consumption demonstrated that the two dietary treatments were significantly and the effect was a lower consumption of food and energy, while the starch an dietary lower consumption of food and energy, while the starch an dietary fiber levels increased. It was observed and interaction between both variables. The subsequent food and energy intake showed the same tendency that was observed in the immediate consumption but there was not an interaction between both variables. The lowest value of intake was showed by the children who consumed the meal with the highest level of starch and dietary fiber. When results of both meal times were combined, the same effects were demonstrated. The findings described have been not reported by others authors. A probable explanation for these results are the lower gastric emptying caused bu high levels of starch and dietary fiber and in the specific case of starch by its glycemic index.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

[Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on the content and metabolism of glutathione in rat kidney].

The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PIFA) upon the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) of the kidney was studied in 32 male Wistar rats. Two equal size groups were fed diets supplemented with either 10% or 18% corn oil. Sixteen hours before death, half of each experimental group was submitted to fasting. The content of GSH and the activity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and gamma glutamyl cysteine synthetase was determined in kidney tissue. Fasting led to a reduction of GSH from 3.21 +/- 0.54 to 1.25 +/- 0.20 mumol per gm in the group fed 10%. PIFA. Equivalent figures for the group fed 18% PIFA were 3.49 +/- 0.54 and 0.49 +/- 0.08, respectively. GGTP activity increased significantly after fasting but no differences were observed according to level of PIFA intake. The exaggerated reduction of GSH during fasting after a high PIFA intake may expose the animals to risk of cell damage induced by peroxides or other oxidating agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Recommended values of energy density in soup or gruel-like foods, for feeding of preschool children].

The low energy density of the diets has been proposed by several authors as an essential factor which conditions the inadequate energy intake of preschool children of developing countries. However, there are few controlled studies in relation to the volumes which children are able to consume when energy density changes. The objective of this research was to establish recommended values of energy density for preparations with a soup or gruel consistency. The study was carried out in 100 preschool children from 3 to 4 years old who attended a Day Care Center in Santiago, Chile. Six formulas of a mixture of extruded pea-rice with different energy densities and viscosities: 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 kcal/g and 3,000 and 9,000 cp. were studied. These experimental conditions were obtained modifying the product concentration and adding malt flour. Food consumption was determined at lunch time. Energy adequacy was calculated using the 1985 FAO-OMS-UNU requirements. Children increased significantly their energy intake when energy density of both types of consistency, soup or gruel, was higher. Energy adequacy ranged from 15% when preparations had an energy density of 0.8 kcal/g to 35%, when the preparations had an energy density of 1.6 kcal/g. The formulas which had 1.6 kcal/g fulfilled 100% of the energy requirements of preschool children for lunch time, and should be the recommended energy density for soup or gruels, when they are given as the only food. The energy density of 1.2 kcal/g needs a food complement which supplies 120 kcal, and lower values would be inadequate for preschool children feeding purposes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

[Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in cereals and legumes cultivated in Chile].

Insoluble, soluble and total dietary fiber (DF) were determined in 35 varieties of certified whole seeds (without processing) of cereals (rice, oat, rye, and wheat) and legumes (pea, cowpea, beans, chikpea, lentil and lupine). The enzymatic method of Asp, Johansson and Siljestrom was used, with modifications in relation to time of incubation with alpha amylase, filtration system and volumes of the filtrates. Results were expressed as g/100 g dry weight. Total DF for cereals showed a range from 10.1 (wheat var. Chasqui) to 22.2 (rice var Quella). Rye, var. Tetra Baer and oats var. Pony Baer presented the highest soluble fiber content (3.3 and 3.9, respectively). In legumes, total DF fluctuated between 12.7 (pea, var. yellow) and 36.6 (lupine, var. Multolupa). Bean, var. Pinto INIA and lupine var. Multolupa presented the highest soluble fiber values (5.8 for both). Based on the results of this research work, it might be concluded that great variation exists in regard to the amount of total soluble and insoluble DF in cereals and legumes, a fact which impedes generalization as to its content in each food item.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

[Nutritional quality of the protein of the false lentil (Vicia sativa ssp. abovata (Ser) Gaudin].

The common vetch (Vicia sativa) is a legume that grows spontaneously in the central zone of Chile. It is consumed by the rural population, as lentil, and frequently it is utilized in animal feeding. The objective of the present work was to study the biological quality of its protein and protein digestibility, as well as its dietary fiber pattern. The samples studied were provided by the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), where in its chemical composition, dietary fiber, biological protein quality (PER) and apparent and true protein digestibility, were determined. Results showed a high protein concentration (23.5%), higher than (in the legumes commonly consumed. Total dietary fiber and its fractions, insoluble and soluble fiber, attained values of 14.2%, 13.2% and 1.0% respectively. The PER in the raw material was 1.30 +/- 0.44 and 1.32 +/- 0.37 in the cooked one; supplementation with 0.15% DL-methionine caused a rise to 2.43 +/- 0.32, the casein value being 3.02 +/- 0.36. True digestibility was 76.2 +/- 2.0 in the raw material, and 73.8 +/- 2.2 in the cooked one. These findings suggest that common vetch has no termolabile toxics, which are normally present in legumes. However, the literature mentions that it contains a neurotoxic, the B-ciano-L-alanine. The present study suggests that common vetch is a promisory food resource; thus, it is highly desirable that studies be undertaken oriented to determine the toxicity in this food.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of increase of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 6) on the hepatic glutathione content and gamma-glutamil transpeptidase activity in the kidney of rats].

The effect of feeding 24 to 52-days-old male rats of the Wistar strain, with beans diet deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids or supplemented with 0.3% DL-methionine and two corn oil concentrations, 2% and 20% (g/kg/diet), on the glutathione content (GSH) in liver, and on the renal gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) (E.C.2.3.2.2) activity was studied. Results indicated that rats fed the bean diet with 2% corn oil decreased significantly the liver GSH content and GGTP renal activity. Supplementation with 0.3% methionine and/or the 20% increment of the diet corn oil, significantly stimulated the liver GSH content and the transpeptidase activity in the kidney. It is postulated that the increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids, stimulated the GGTP activity as a way of increasing substrate bioavailability for synthesis de novo of liver GSH, necessary for the protection of the hydroperoxides formation, attributed to the increment of polyunsaturated acids at cellular level.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Index of nutritional quality per volume: a new indicator to evaluate the nutritional quality of food preparations and diets].

The purpose of this study was to propose a new dietary index to evaluate the nutritional quality of common dishes and diets: the index of nutritional quality per volume (INQV). In its expression, this index takes into account the nutrient density (amount of nutrient/1,000 g of diet) and the nutrient density per reference volume. The last one is the ratio between the recommended allowances of the nutrient and the volume that it is possible to consume during the day, when the diet is offered freely. Zinc was used as example in the analysis. A total of 14 dishes of habitual consumption in Chile were studied in relation to its consumption by 30 preschool children. The volume that children were able to consume was determined by differential weighing between the amount offered and the amount left on the dish, during a period of 180 days. The percentage of water and energy value were established by means of chemical analysis performed according to the AOAC, and the zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the INQV were then compared with those of the index of nutritional quality (INQ), which considers zinc density/1,000 kcal, and zinc and energy requirements. This comparison demonstrated that the INQV values were lower than those of the INQ in dishes with energy densities lower than 1.0 kcal/g. The opposite tendency was observed in the case of those dishes with energy densities higher than 1.0 kcal/g. The analysis herein presented demonstrates the usefulness of the INQV in diets which are voluminous and with low energy densities, commonly consumed by the low socioeconomic strata of developing countries.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

[Legume consumption among pre-school children: effect of energy density and type of preparation].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the energy density (E.D.), children's age and type of meals on the consumption of dishes based on legumes and its combination with cereals by preschool children, for the purpose of defining if they were adequate for preschool children's feeding. Thirty children aged 2 to 5 years old who lived in a foster home, were assigned to three experimental groups. Each group was formed by 10 children. Twenty-nine meals were offered to all groups, differing in their energy density: 0.85, 0.94 and 1.03 kcal/g in dishes of legumes and cereals, and 0.47, 0.62 and 0.80 kcal/g in soups. The study was conducted during 29 non-consecutive days throughout a period of 80 days. Food consumption of each child was determined by differential weighing. Food and energy consumption of the legume-cereal dishes was significantly higher than those observed in the case of soups (312 vs 223 g and 288 vs 138 kcal, respectively). The effect of age was verified only when the volume and energy intake was expressed by kg of body weight, being the group with the highest age which showed the lowest food and energy intake, either in dishes or in soups. The relationship between meal consumption and E.D. was significantly inverse. Dishes based on legume-cereal were consumed by pre-school children in sufficient amounts to satisfy their energy requirements in one meal, when these meals have an E.D. of 1.03 kcal/g (3% of added oil). The low E.D. of soups conditioned the fact that these meals were inadequate for the feeding of this age group.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Alteration in rat liver microsomal membranes induced by acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen caused a reversible change in the fluorescence polarization of eosin maleimide and dansyl chloride labeled to rat liver microsomes, indicating that acetaminophen acts on microsomal membrane proteins. Acetaminophen in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), brought about an irreversible change in the fluorescence polarization of the probes. Acetaminophen, with or without NADPH, was also found to change the fluorescence polarization of lipid-soluble fluorescent probes, 2- and 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid labeled to microsomes, indicating its action on microsomal membrane lipids.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1986

Heterogeneous distribution of the conjugation activity of acetaminophen and p-nitrophenol in isolated rat liver cells.

The uneven distribution of the glucuronidation and sulfation activity of acetaminophen (APAP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) in liver was studied using centrilobular and periportal regions of isolated rat hepatocytes obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, in a manner similar to that for harmol reported previously. The glucuronidation of APAP and PNP occurred predominantly in the periportal region. Glucuronidation activity of APAP in the centrilobular region was not detected. This finding may reflect the existence of different forms of uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) for APAP and PNP. The regional difference in Km values was observed for PNP, but not for harmol as reported in the previous paper. This suggests the existence of multiple forms of UDPGT for PNP as well as the heterogeneous distribution of this enzyme in liver lobules. The sulfation rates of APAP and PNP in the centrilobular region were smaller than those in the periportal region. The regional difference of APAP sulfation was due to different Vmax values. As shown in the harmol experiment, the predominant distribution of sulfation activity of APAP and PNP in the periportal region agreed with the results in the perfused liver previously reported by other investigators but that of glucuronidation activity was at variance with them.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1985

[Nutritive value of shellfish consumed in Chile].

The purpose of the present study was to determine the protein quality and digestibility of shellfish commonly consumed in Chile, and to estimate its contribution to the protein needs of the Chilean population. The shellfish studied were chorito (Mytilus edulis chilensis), macha (Mesodesma donacium), loco (Concholepas concholepas), cholga (Aulacomya ater), erizo (Loxechinus albus) and almeja (no specific variety). The NPU method was used to determine protein quality. The percentage of protein adequacy for adult rations was calculated according to FAO/WHO 1973. The contribution of shellfish to the protein availability according to the family income of the Santiago population, was also calculated. Most of the shellfish presented NPU values of about 70; the lowest values were found for loco (54.9) and macha (63.3). The apparent and true digestibility gave an average of 83.6 and 90.4, respectively. The percentage of protein adequacy of habitual rations ranged between 27% (erizo) and 58% (loco). The availability of shellfish protein in relation to total protein increased from 0.4 to 2.5% when income increased. It is concluded therefore, that shellfish protein is, in general, of good quality. Nevertheless, it might be considered of poor influence insofar as fulfilling the protein needs of the population studied, whatever its socioeconomic level.

Chile↗
PubMed1985

[Evaluation of the adjusted amino acid score by digestibility for estimating the protein quality and protein available in food and diets].

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the amino acid score adjusted by digestibility to estimate protein quality and utilizable protein in foods and diets, considering net protein utilization (NPU) as a biological reference method. Ten foods of vegetable origin and ten of animal origin, as well as eight mixtures of foods of vegetable and animal origin were studied. When all the foods were considered, a positive (r = 0.83) and highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between NPU and the amino acid score adjusted by digestibility was found. When the foods were separated according to their origin, this correlation was positive only for the foods of vegetable origin (r = 0.93) and statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Also, only in those foods were similar values found between NPU and amino acid score adjusted by digestibility, as well as in utilizable protein estimated considering both methods. Caution is required to interpret protein quality and utilizable protein values of foods of animal origin and mixtures of foods of vegetable and animal origin when the amino acid score method adjusted by digestibility, or NPU, are utilized.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1984

Heterogeneous distribution of conjugation activities of harmol in isolated rat liver cells.

The regional distribution of the conjugation reaction activities of harmol was examined in isolated rat liver cells fractionated to the centrilobular and periportal regions. The heterogeneous distribution in the conjugation rates per unit cell numbers was found only in glucuronidation. The difference in the metabolic intrinsic clearance per total cell numbers in each region was mainly due to the cell numbers, resulting that the metabolic abilities in both reactions are higher in the periportal region than the centrilobular region. This finding in sulfate conjugation is consistent with the results in the isolated perfused liver previously presented by other investigators but the result that in glucuronide conjugation is contradictory to them.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1984

Multiple forms of aryl sulfotransferase for acetaminophen sulfate conjugation in rat liver cytosol.

The multiplicity of aryl sulfotransferase (phenol sulfotransferase, PST) in acetaminophen (APAP) sulfate conjugation was studied in rat liver cytosol. The sulfation rate showed the optimal pH of about 9 similar to that in the phenolic monoamine sulfation. And another optimal pH of about 6.4 was found at the higher APAP concentration such as 16 mM, suggesting the existence of the PST multiplicity in the APAP sulfation. The effect of thermal treatment at various temperatures, 37 to 41 degrees C, showed that PST catalyzing the sulfation at the lower APAP concentration (about less than 1 mM) is more thermolabile and has the lower Km for APAP than at the higher APAP concentration. The APAP sulfation at microM order APAP in the presence of p-nitrophenol (PNP) was shown to be decreased by the substrate inhibition of PNP to PST. Consequently it is considered the sulfation at the lower APAP concentration (microM order) is mainly catalyzed by the thermolabile PST with the lower Km for APAP, and at the higher APAP concentration the thermostable PST with the higher Km partially contributes to the sulfation.

Acetaminophen↗